  Citation: Hutchison, D.; Clarke, B.E.; Hancock, S.; Thompson, A.N.; Bowen, E.; Jacobson, C. Lower Reproductive Rate and Lamb Survival Contribute to Lower Lamb Marking Rate in Maiden Ewes Compared to Multiparous Ewes. Animals 2022, 12, 513. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani12040513 Academic Editor: Stephen J.G. Hall Received: 15 January 2022 Accepted: 17 February 2022 Published: 18 February 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). animals Article Lower Reproductive Rate and Lamb Survival Contribute to Lower Lamb Marking Rate in Maiden Ewes Compared to Multiparous Ewes Dayna Hutchison, Bronwyn E. Clarke , Serina Hancock , Andrew N. Thompson , Elise Bowen and Caroline Jacobson * Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; 32901095@student.murdoch.edu.au (D.H.); bronwyn.clarke@murdoch.edu.au (B.E.C.); s.hancock@murdoch.edu.au (S.H.); andrew.thompson@murdoch.edu.au (A.N.T.); elisejbowen@gmail.com (E.B.) * Correspondence: c.jacobson@murdoch.edu.au Simple Summary: The reproductive performance of ewes in their first breeding season (maiden ewes) can be poorer and more variable than at subsequent breeding seasons. However, the extent and causes of the poorer reproductive performance of maiden ewes on Australian sheep farms are not well understood. We used a survey of Australian sheep farmers to compare the reproductive performance of maiden ewes in their first breeding season to multiparous ewes (ewes that have been bred two or more times) on the same farms. We found that the difference in lamb marking rate between non-Merino ewe lambs and multiparous ewes on the same farm was 58%, and for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes, the difference in marking rate compared to multiparous ewes was 22% lower. Poorer reproduction in maiden ewes was due to a combination of poorer reproductive success to mid-pregnancy (reproductive rate), plus poorer survival of lambs between mid-pregnancy and lamb marking. Reproductive performance for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes was correlated with multiparous ewes on the same farm, whereas the reproductive performance of non-Merino ewe lambs was more variable and not associated with the reproductive performance of their multiparous counterparts. The reproductive efficiency of maiden ewes could be improved by addressing factors that improve the reproductive rate and lamb survival between scanning and lamb marking. Abstract: Suboptimal reproductive performance of maiden (primiparous) ewes remains a source of inefficiency for the Australian sheep industry. However, the extent and causes of the poorer reproductive performance of maiden ewes on Australian sheep farms are not well understood. Here, we show the reproductive performance of maiden ewes relative to their multiparous counterparts on the same farms across Australia using a cohort survey. The difference in marking rate for non-Merino maiden ewe lambs compared to multiparous ewes was 58% (74 vs. 132%; p < 0.001), and this was attributable to a 50% difference in reproductive rate (109 vs. 159%; p < 0.001) and 16% difference in lamb survival to marking (67 vs. 83%; p < 0.001). The difference in marking rate for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes lambing at approximately 2 years-of-age compared to mature multiparous ewes was 22% (80 vs. 102%; p < 0.001) and this was attributable to a 24% difference in reproductive rate (108 vs. 132%; p < 0.001) and 3% difference for lamb survival (75 vs. 78%; p < 0.05). Positive correlations for reproduction traits (reproductive rate, lamb survival and marking rate) between maidens and multiparous ewes were observed for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes (p < 0.001), but these correlations were weak or non-existent for non-Merino ewe lambs. Strategies to improve both reproductive rate and lamb survival can address the poorer and more variable reproductive performance of maiden ewes. Keywords: lamb survival; scanning rate; sheep reproduction; maiden ewe Animals 2022, 12, 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040513 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals