Advantages of Beam Deceleration for Low kV EDS Analysis.
D. Edwards
1
, N. Erdman
1
, D. Guarrera
1
, M. Shibata
1
, V. Robertson
1
, F. Timischl
2
, Y. Nemoto
2
1.
JEOL, USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA 01960
2.
JEOL Technics Ltd, Akishima, Japan
Low voltage imaging and microanalysis have been gaining prominence in the last few years due to their
distinct advantages for analysis of beam sensitive and charging materials. Recent advances in the SEM
electron optics have allowed the SEM to maintain a small probe size at both imaging (small beam
current) and analysis (large probe current) conditions at low accelerating voltages [1-3]. In particular in
JEOL SEM microscopes one of the methods we have been employing to achieve this goal has been the
use of beam deceleration (referred to as GB mode). Beam deceleration not only helps with charge
balance but also effectively reduces lens aberrations thus improving overall image resolution. Gentle
Beam works by retarding the primary beam voltage using a negatively charged stage bias to a lower
landing energy. The landing voltage (E
landing
=E
gun
-E
bias
) can be varied with a combination of electron
source voltage and specimen bias to achieve the necessary charge balance as well as high resolution
performance at ultra-low voltages. The typical values for specimen bias are 0-2kV, though better
performance can be obtained with bias values up to 5kV. Beam deceleration also serves as a form of
aberration correction; the aberration coefficients (both spherical and chromatic) are reduced when the
ratio E
landing
/E
gun
is reduced for a fixed E
gun
, meaning larger specimen bias enhances image resolution at
ultra-low kVs. The use of Gentle Beam function thus preserves all the advantages of high kV imaging
(gun brightness, small probe size) with added advantages of reduced charging, reduced specimen
contamination and improved surface detail.
In this paper the benefits of beam deceleration at the specimen, as it applies to EDS will be
demonstrated on the next generation Field Emission and Tungsten filament SEMs. Our extensive
experience with imaging using Gentle Beam suggested that it would also be beneficial for elemental
analysis of beam sensitive specimens that can’t survive extensive counting times due to potential heat
damage or specimens that require low voltage microanalysis because of charging. Figure 1 illustrates the
improved elemental mapping that can be obtained by using a specimen bias. We have analyzed a sample
of slag at 3kV and 90nA showing EDS mapping without application of GB (a,c,e) and with a -5kV bias
(b,d,f). The maps demonstrate both enhancements in spatial resolution as well as signal to noise ratio
when employing specimen bias.
We will further demonstrate application of this technique for composite samples, graphene, dopants in
battery materials and nanoparticles on ITO. Our data will show that utilizing this technique the user
could minimize acquisition time during EDS mapping while still maintaining good signal to noise ratio
and high spatial resolution, making analysis of non-conductive and/or beam sensitive specimens more
accessible.
References:
[1] [2] D.C. Bell and N. Erdman, in Low Voltage Electron Microscopy: Principles and Applications
(2012): 1-30.
[2] N. Rowlands et al. Microscopy and Microanalysis 15.S2 (2009): 548-549.
[3] D. Edwards et al. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20.S3 (2014): 646-647.
Paper No. 0341
681
doi:10.1017/S1431927615004201 © Microscopy Society of America 2015
Microsc. Microanal. 21 (Suppl 3), 2015
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615004201 Published online by Cambridge University Press