Research Article
DCNN-FuzzyWOA: Artificial Intelligence Solution for Automatic
Detection of COVID-19 Using X-Ray Images
Abbas Saffari ,
1
Mohammad Khishe ,
1
Mokhtar Mohammadi ,
2
Adil Hussein Mohammed ,
3
and Shima Rashidi
4
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Khomeini Marine Science University, Nowshahr, Iran
2
Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq
3
Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq
4
Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Correspondence should be addressed to Abbas Saffari; abbas.saffari@birjand.ac.ir
Received 9 February 2022; Revised 1 June 2022; Accepted 14 June 2022; Published 9 August 2022
Academic Editor: Ahmed A. Ewees
Copyright © 2022 Abbas Saffari et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been considered effective technologies in diagnosing and breaking the transmission
chain of COVID-19 disease. Recent research uses the deep convolution neural network (DCNN) as the discoverer or classifier of
COVID-19 X-ray images. e most challenging part of neural networks is the subject of their training. Descent-based (GDB)
algorithms have long been used to train fullymconnected layer (FCL) at DCNN. Despite the ability of GDBs to run and converge
quickly in some applications, their disadvantage is the manual adjustment of many parameters. erefore, it is not easy to
parallelize them with graphics processing units (GPUs). erefore, in this paper, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA)
evolved by a fuzzy system called FuzzyWOA is proposed for DCNN training. With accurate and appropriate tuning of WOA’s
control parameters, the fuzzy system defines the boundary between the exploration and extraction phases in the search space. It
causes the development and upgrade of WOA. To evaluate the performance and capability of the proposed DCNN-FuzzyWOA
model, a publicly available database called COVID-Xray-5k is used. DCNN-PSO, DCNN-GA, and LeNet-5 benchmark models
are used for fair comparisons. Comparative parameters include accuracy, processing time, standard deviation (STD), curves of
ROC and precision-recall, and F1-Score. e results showed that the FuzzyWOA training algorithm with 20 epochs was able to
achieve 100% accuracy, at a processing time of 880.44 s with an F1-Score equal to 100%. Structurally, the i-6c-2s-12c-2s model
achieved better results than the i-8c-2s-16c-2s model. However, the results of using FuzzyWOA for both models have been very
encouraging compared to particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, and LeNet-5 methods.
1. Introduction
COVID-19 was initially designated an epidemic disease by
the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 [1].
Due to the increasing number of deaths, the spread of the
disease, the lack of access to vaccines and particular drugs,
and rapid diagnosis of the disease to break, the transmission
chain has become one of the most important research topics
for researchers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test [2]
and X-ray images [3] are standard methods in detecting
COVID-19. One of the problems of PCR tests is that there
are not enough kits and also it takes a relatively long time to
answer the test. In addition to being affordable, X-ray images
are always and everywhere available. Reducing the time to
diagnose and detect positive cases, even without fever and
cough symptoms, are other benefits of using X-ray images
[4]. AI tools can increase processing time and high accuracy
in detecting patients with COVID-19 [5]. Much research has
been done to identify positive cases of COVID-19 [3, 6].
However, until COVID-19 disease is completely eradicated,
Hindawi
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Volume 2022, Article ID 5677961, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5677961