sustainability
Article
Impact on the Virtual Learning Environment Due to COVID-19
César Torres Martín
1,
*, Christian Acal
2
, Mohammed El Homrani
1
and Ángel Custodio Mingorance Estrada
1,
*
Citation: Torres Martín, C.; Acal, C.;
El Honrani, M.; Mingorance Estrada,
Á.C. Impact on the Virtual Learning
Environment Due to COVID-19.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 582.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020582
Received: 22 November 2020
Accepted: 6 January 2021
Published: 9 January 2021
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tribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
1
Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
mohammed@ugr.es
2
Department of Statistics and O.R. and IEMath-GR, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
chracal@ugr.es
* Correspondence: cesartm@ugr.es (C.T.M); amingoe@ugr.es (Á.C.M.E.); Tel.: +34-958-249-581 (C.T.M);
+34-952-698-732 (Á.C.M.E.)
Abstract: As a result of the global pandemic caused by COVID-19, universities have carried out
teaching in a digital way, accelerating the inclusion and use of technologies in methodological
adaptation. The research aims to ascertain the perception that students at the Faculty of Education
Sciences of the University of Granada have regarding the pedagogical model adopted in the virtual
learning environment during confinement through the second semester of the 2019–2020 academic
year. The information collection method was an online questionnaire, using simple random sam-
pling with proportional affixing 0.5, 95% confidence level and maximum permissible error of 4.7%.
The results demonstrate a generalised dissatisfaction of the students, being fundamental to carry out
the transition of the educational processes and training of the teaching staff. The implementation
of active methodologies increases due to the virtual condition, specifically the flipped classroom
methodology, but students manifest generalised dissatisfaction regarding the adequate methodologi-
cal development and the involvement of professors. There is an outstanding use of e-mail and the
virtual learning platform (PRADO), although they consider that they do not have the appropriate
knowledge about image editors, video, computer graphics, synchronous response systems and
anti-plagiarism tools. The students surveyed express that the tutoring functions, tasks and beliefs of
the teaching staff in e-learning are not satisfactory.
Keywords: virtual environment; online education; e-learning; active methodology; ICT; university
training; COVID-19
1. Introduction
As a result of the global pandemic caused by COVID-19, higher education has been
affected at a global level and more specifically in Spain, wherein mid-March the state of
alarm was declared, with the state and university academic authorities decreeing that,
for the remainder of the 2019–2020 academic year, teaching and learning processes would be
carried out digitally. Consequently, the means for their development through information
and communication technologies (ICT) have been incorporated. Although the teaching and
learning processes in higher education were already in continuous evolution in relation
to the influence of technology on the incorporation of emerging methodologies, the truth
is that due to the confinement caused by the coronavirus it seems the full use of ICTs in
methodological adaptation has been enforced and its inclusion accelerated, as a test of
organisational agility [1], and fostered a process of transformation also accelerated to a
digitalized university through online processes with new pedagogical models and learning
environments. In this way, all these transformations have become a more sustainable model
of education [2].
Higher education faces important challenges in the process of transforming learning
models to satisfy new demands [3]. It must be considered that quality teaching and learning
processes in higher education are practically unthinkable without the use of technology,
Sustainability 2021, 13, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020582 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability