Journal of Planning Education and Research
1–13
© The Author(s) 2016
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DOI: 10.1177/0739456X16659763
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Research-Based Article
Introduction
In response to declines in state and federal housing assistance
over the last several decades, communities around the nation
have turned to Inclusionary Zoning (IZ) programs to incentiv-
ize the production of affordable housing. Existing research on
IZ has been largely tenure-neutral, ignoring the costs and ben-
efits of IZ as a strategy for promoting affordable homeowner-
ship. Critics question whether IZ price controls impose
economic inefficiencies and limit low-income homeowners’
ability to accumulate housing wealth (Scruggs 2103; Powell
and Stringham 2005). Since IZ homeownership programs
function differently than rental programs and are often
designed to promote different public policy objectives, more
research is needed to determine whether IZ is an appropriate
and effective strategy for promoting affordable and sustain-
able homeownership for low-income households.
Our study fills this gap, drawing upon data from the
Montgomery County, Maryland, Moderately Priced Dwelling
Unit (MPDU) program, the nation’s oldest and largest local
IZ program, to address the following questions:
1. How many MPDU homeownership units have been
produced since the program’s inception?
2. What are the characteristics of MPDU homeowner-
ship units compared to other units sold on the market,
and how have these changed over time?
3. What is the rate of appreciation for MPDUs com-
pared to other market-rate units, and how did the
housing market crash and expiration of the price con-
trol period affect appreciation rates?
We find that the MPDU program has been quite successful
in producing affordable homeownership units, most of which
have been condominiums and townhomes located in areas
where new residential construction has occurred. We also find
that while MPDU homes did not appreciate as rapidly as other
market-rate housing during the housing boom, MPDUs real-
ized significant equity gains and saw smaller price declines
during the housing bust. We find that over the most recent
boom-bust period, the homes owned by MPDU certificate
holders were resold for much higher prices than newly pro-
duced MPDUs, and our analysis suggests that the gap between
MPDU resales and new construction can be attributed in part
to the difference in how price ceilings are established for these
two housing types. These findings have important implica-
tions for the affordability and sustainability of IZ homeowner-
ship programs and provide insights into programmatic design
issues that other communities may wish to consider when
implementing an IZ homeownership program.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: The
next section reviews the literature on affordable homeowner-
ship, limited equity housing, and IZ homeownership programs.
Following the literature review, we describe the key features of
659763JPE XX X 10.1177/0739456X16659763Journal of Planning Education and ResearchDawkins et al.
research-article 2016
Initial submission, October 2015; revised submission, March 2016;
final acceptance, May 2016
1
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Corresponding Author:
Casey Dawkins, University of Maryland, College Park, 1112H Preinkert
Field House (Building 054), College Park, MD 20742, USA.
Email: dawkins1@umd.edu
Creating and Preserving Affordable
Homeownership Opportunities:
Does Inclusionary Zoning Make Sense?
Casey Dawkins
1
, Jae Sik Jeon
1
, and Gerrit-Jan Knaap
1
Abstract
This paper draws on data from the Montgomery County, Maryland, Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) program to
analyze the effectiveness of inclusionary zoning as an affordable homeownership strategy. We find that the MPDU program
has successfully produced a large number of affordable homeownership units since the program’s inception, particularly
condominium and townhome units located in areas where new residential construction has occurred. While MPDU homes
did not appreciate as rapidly as other market-rate housing during the housing boom, MPDUs realized significant equity gains
and saw smaller price declines during the housing bust.
Keywords
inclusionary zoning, affordable housing, homeownership