TEM Journal. Volume 11, Issue 3, pages 1002-1006, ISSN 2217-8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM113-02, August 2022.
1002 TEM Journal – Volume 11 / Number 3 / 2022.
Methodology for Measuring the
Impact Force of Compaction Rammers
Aleksandar Ivanov, Mihaela Ivanova, Tsvetelina Georgieva
University of Ruse, st. Studentska 8, Ruse, Bulgaria
Abstract – In this paper a methodology to measure
impact force is proposed. It includes conceptual
description of the sequence of the steps, tools needed to
carry out the measurement, validation and the post
processing of the collected data and automated data
acquisition during end-of-line testing. The proposed
concept is also putting requirements to the needed
equipment.
Keywords – Impact force, compaction machine,
rammer, high-speed camera, measurement, guaranteed
value.
1. Introduction
In this paper a methodology to measure impact
force is proposed. It includes conceptual description
of the sequence of the steps, tools needed to carry out
the measurement, validation and the post processing
of the collected data and automated data acquisition
during end-of-line testing. The proposed concept is
also putting requirements to the needed equipment.
Compaction machines (rammers, forward
compaction plates, reversible compaction plates and
rollers) are used in the construction business to
compact and smoot ground materials such as soil,
gravel, asphalt, sand, and etc.
DOI: 10.18421/TEM113-02
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM113-02
Corresponding author: Aleksandar Ivanov,
University of Ruse, st. Studentska 8, Ruse, Bulgaria.
Email: akivanov@uni‐ruse.bg
Received: 26 May 2022.
Revised: 18 July 2022.
Accepted: 25 July 2022.
Published: 29 August 2022.
© 2022 Aleksandar Ivanov, Mihaela Ivanova
& Tsvetelina Georgieva; published by UIKTEN. This work is
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐
NonCommercial‐NoDerivs 4.0 License.
The article is published with Open Access at
https://www.temjournal.com/
Compaction machines have many characteristics
but their performance can be measured by how much
the machine compacts the ground material and how
fast it does it therefore, this is really valuable
information for customers. Controversially for most
compaction machines, the presented characteristic is
the centrifugal force which means that the main
component of the machine is the rotating eccentric
mass. The issue here is that the centrifugal force is
not fully defining the performance of the machine
regarding compaction capability. Centrifuge
modeling [1] is a widely introduced method to
measure soil stiffness. That type of models use the
acceleration of the drum is used as input to determine
the stiffness. However, there are machines which do
not use eccentric mass components, such as rammers.
In this case, the centrifugal force cannot be provided
as a machine characteristic which is confusing for the
customers. Furthermore, those systems using the
centrifuge model are too expensive for the
comparatively cheap rammer type of compaction
machines. There were previously researches if it is
feasible to use that technology on rammer type of
machine, but researchers report that it cannot be used
for high frequency machines [2].
For all types of compaction machines, one of the
main representative characteristics is the impact force
they provide. Analytical calculations of this
characteristic are not very well known because of the
complexity of the machines. In reality, it is much
more accurate to measure the eccentric force of the
machines. A reference in the literature for such
suitable methodology for real end-of-line industrial
measurements has not been found. Such
methodology will be very useful to compare the
performance of different machines in same
conditions.
Furthermore, such characteristics which are
descriptive of the done compaction work are not
followed and not presented in the relevant product
standards for rammers and plate type of construction
machines EN 500-1 [3] and EN 500-4 [4]. Other
characteristics are made mandatory to be followed
but they are not referring to the effectivity or the
efficiency of the work the machine has performed.
Nowadays is also important to take into