Research Article
Evaluation of Contemporary Computational Techniques to
Optimize Adsorption Process for Simultaneous Removal of COD
and TOC in Wastewater
Areej Alhothali ,
1
Hifsa Khurshid ,
2
Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa ,
2,3
Kawthar Mostafa Moria,
1
Umer Rashid ,
4
and Omaimah Omar Bamasag
5
1
Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar,
Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
3
Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar,
32610 Perak, Malaysia
4
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Center of Excellence in Smart Environment Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence should be addressed to Hifsa Khurshid; hifsa_18002187@utp.edu.my
Received 31 October 2021; Revised 3 January 2022; Accepted 30 March 2022; Published 27 April 2022
Academic Editor: George Kyzas
Copyright © 2022 Areej Alhothali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
This study was aimed at evaluating the artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), adaptive neurofuzzy interference
(ANFIS), and the response surface methodology (RSM) approaches for modeling and optimizing the simultaneous adsorptive
removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) in produced water (PW) using tea waste biochar
(TWBC). Comparative analysis of RSM, ANN, and ANFIS models showed mean square error (MSE) as 5.29809, 1.49937, and
0.24164 for adsorption of COD and MSE of 0.11726, 0.10241, and 0.08747 for prediction of TOC adsorption, respectively. The
study showed that ANFIS outperformed the ANN and RSM in terms of fast convergence, minimum MSE, and sum of square
error for prediction of adsorption data. The adsorption parameters were optimized using ANFIS-surface plots, ANN-GA
hybrid, RSM-GA hybrid, and RSM optimization tool in design expert (DE) software. Maximum COD (88.9%) and TOC
(98.8%) removal were predicted at pH of 7, a dosage of 300 mg/L, and contact time of 60 mins using ANFIS-surface plots. The
optimization approaches showed the performance in the following order: ANFIS-surface plots>ANN-GA>RSM-GA>RSM.
1. Introduction
With an increase in the world population, industrialization,
and urbanization, the evaluation of water resources and
monitoring of their quality have become a significant con-
cern in hydroenvironmental science. Various contaminants
are being released continuously into water resources and
causing the degradation of aquatic animals’ habitat and
freshwater quality up to a greater extent [1, 2]. Attempts
have been made to establish strategies for the safe removal
of contaminants in wastewaters, e.g., coagulation-floccula-
tion, photocatalytic treatment, electrocoagulation, adsorp-
tion, and oxidation [3, 4]. However, in comparison to
other methods, adsorption has gained prominence due to
its high operating speed, design stability, cost-effectiveness,
and robustness [5, 6].
The adsorption process is influenced by various operat-
ing variables, including contact time between adsorbent
and adsorbate, adsorbent particle size, pollutant concentra-
tion, and pH of the solution. It has been noted that building
an automated and optimized adsorption treatment process is
complex in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) due to the
Hindawi
Adsorption Science & Technology
Volume 2022, Article ID 7874826, 16 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7874826