News and Views New macaque remains from the Middle Pleistocene of Gruta da Aroeira (Almonda karst system, Portugal) David M. Alba a, * , Joan Daura b , Montserrat Sanz b , Elena Santos c, d , Almudena S. Yagüe b , Eric Delson e, f, g, h, a , Jo ~ ao Zilh ~ ao i, j, k a Institut Catal a de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Aut onoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vall es, Barcelona, Spain b Grup de Recerca del Quaternari (GRQ)-SERP, Departament d’Hist oria i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain c Departamento de Geodin amica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geol ogicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain d Centro Universidad Complutense de MadrideInstituto de Salud Carlos III de Investigaci on sobre la Evoluci on y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029, Madrid, Spain e Department of Anthropology, Lehman College of the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY,10468, USA f Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY,10024, USA g The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY,10016, USA h New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA i Departament d’Hist oria i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain j Instituci o Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain k UNIARQ-Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa,1600-214, Lisbon, Portugal article info Article history: Received 1 November 2018 Accepted 21 February 2019 Keywords: Macaca Mandible Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Papionini 1. Introduction The Middle Pleistocene site of Gruta da Aroeira, in the Almonda karst system (Torres Novas, central Portugal; Supplementary Online Material [SOM] Fig. S1), has yielded a rich Acheulean lithic assem- blage alongside a human cranium and associated faunal remains (Trinkaus et al., 2003; Daura et al., 2017; Conde-Valverde et al., 2018). The recovery of macaques in the 1997e2002 phase of the excavations is mentioned in the literature (Marks et al., 2002a, b; Trinkaus et al., 2003; Brugal, 2004; Marig o et al., 2014); the speci- mens were assigned to Macaca sylvanus ?florentina (Cocchi, 1872), although the material remains undescribed. Here we describe a ju- venile macaque mandible (ARO17-J8-Xa-934, hereinafter ARO 934) recovered in 2017 from a level that is correlated to Marine Isotope Stage 11 and radiometrically dated to 436e390 ka (Daura et al., 2017; see SOM S1 and SOM Fig. S1). We compare it with other fossil papionins from Europe to provide a taxonomic assignment. 2. Materials and methods Virtual 3D models of the deciduous teeth, the permanent teeth, and the mandibular bone of ARO 934 are provided in SOM Files S1eS3, respectively available from MorphoSource (https://www. morphosource.org). See SOM S2 for further details about the institutional repository of the specimen, CT scanning and image processing. Dental measurements of mesiodistal crown length (MD) and buccolingual crown breadth (BL) were taken to the nearest 0.1 mm (see SOM S2 for further details). The measurements for the comparative sample are reported in SOM Table S1 (see also SOM S2). Bivariate dental plots of BL vs. MD were employed to visually assess dental size and proportions, whereas analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc pairwise comparisons (Bonferroni) were performed to test for significant differences in MD, BL and breadth/length index (BLI) for some teeth (see SOM S2 for details). 3. Results 3.1. Preservation and ontogenetic development ARO 934 is a juvenile mandible that preserves the symphysis and most of both mandibular corpora, as well as most of the left * Corresponding author. E-mail address: david.alba@icp.cat (D.M. Alba). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.003 0047-2484 Journal of Human Evolution 131 (2019) 40e47