Bokn et al.: Effects of .the water-accommodated fractions of diesel oil on rocky shore populations 313
Botanica Marina
Vol. 36, pp. 313-319, 1993
Long-term Effects of the Water-accomodated Fraction (WAF)
of Diesel Oil on Rocky Shore Populations
Maintained in Experimental Mesocosms
T. L. Bokn, R E. Moy and S. N. Murray*
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, P.O.B. 69, Korsvoll, N-0808 Oslo, Norway
* Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, California 92634, U.S.A.
(Accepted 18 May 1993)
Abstract
The long-term effects of continuous doses (average hydrocarbon concentration = 129^gL~
1
and
30.1 μg L"
1
) of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of diesel oil on 15 rocky littoral populations were
determined at three tidal levels in experimental mesocosms over two years. At each tidal level, most species
exhibited similar abundance changes in both oil-contaminated and control (average background hydrocarbon
concentration = 5.6 μg L"
1
) mesocosms. Significant changes in species abundances attributable to oil (WAF)
were demonstrated for only two of ten seaweeds and three of five invertebrates. Compared with the other
mesocosms, significantly greater reductions in upper-level cover were recorded in the basin receiving the
highest oil dosage for the seaweeds Phymatolithon lenormandii and Fucus evanescens together with lower
recruitment of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The mussel Mytilus edulis was strongly affected by the
oil treatments and essentially disappeared from both oil-contaminated mesocosms. Numbers of the starfish
Asterias rubens also fell to zero at the lowest tidal level in the basin receiving the highest oil dosage. There
were no demonstrable differences in the abundance patterns of the gastropod Littorina littorea, the crab
Carcinus maenus, and a total of eight brown (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, F. vesiculosus, Laminaria
digitata), red (Chondrus crispus\ and green (Cladophora rupestris, Enteromorpha spp., Ulva lactuca) seaweeds
in the oil-contaminated compared with the control mesocosms.
Introduction ^
m
^
Ndson 1982? Bonsdorff 1983j
Crothers 1983,
Determining the impacts of oil on marine littoral Cross ei al. 1987 a, b). Experimental knowledge of the
populations has recently received much scientific at- impact of low, chronic doses of oil on littoral systems
tention. Most studies, however, have concentrated on is also lacking (Southward 1982). Yet, low-level hy-
describing changes in species abundances and shifts drocarbon contributions from terrestrial runoff, mu-
in community structure following catastrophic spill nicipal wastes, aerial fallout, natural seeps, and rou-
events. As emphasized by Foster et al. (1988) and tine tanker and refinery operations result in far greater
Dethier (1991), generally these studies have yielded total inputs to littoral environments than catastrophic
only short-term descriptions of impact and have led spills (Foster et al. 1988). In response to this defi-
to few generalizations except that effects of oil spills * ciency, a large-scale experimental project was initiated
are unique and difficult to evaluate. Despite their in 1982 at the Marine Research Station at Solberg-
predictive value, few field experiments have been per- strand, Norway (see Bakke 1986, Bokn and Moy
formed to determine the effects of large spills of oil 1991), to study the effects of continuous low-level
on rocky littoral biota (e.g., Crapp 1971, Straughan doses of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of
1971, Moore and McLaughlin 1978, Vanderhorst et diesel oil on rocky littoral populations. Previous con-
Botanica Marina / Vol. 36 / 1993 / Fasc. 4
Copyright © 1993 Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York
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