Citation: Ahmad, B.; Muhammad Yousafzai, A.; Maria, H.; Khan, A.A.; Aziz, T.; Alharbi, M.; Alsahammari, A.; Alasmari, A.F. Curative Effects of Dianthus orientalis against Paracetamol Triggered Oxidative Stress, Hepatic and Renal Injuries in Rabbit as an Experimental Model. Separations 2023, 10, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ separations10030182 Academic Editors: Essam Abdel-Sattar, Meselhy Ragab Meselhy, Ali El-Halawany and Riham Adel Tawfik Received: 12 February 2023 Revised: 2 March 2023 Accepted: 3 March 2023 Published: 7 March 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). separations Article Curative Effects of Dianthus orientalis against Paracetamol Triggered Oxidative Stress, Hepatic and Renal Injuries in Rabbit as an Experimental Model Bashir Ahmad 1 , Ali Muhammad Yousafzai 2 , Hafsa Maria 3 , Ayaz Ali Khan 4 , Tariq Aziz 5, * , Metab Alharbi 6 , Abdulrahman Alsahammari 6 and Abdullah F. Alasmari 6 1 Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2 Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 3 Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 4 Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 5 Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece 6 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia * Correspondence: iwockd@gmail.com Abstract: The aim of the present study investigates the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and hematopoietic and antioxidant effects of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract (DO.AQ) in rabbits intoxicated with paracetamol. Different experimental groups were formed, i.e., group N, group T, group ELD, group EMD, group EHD and group SM. The groups with leaves aqueous extract of Dianthus orientalis of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, i.e., group EMD and group EHD, showed remedial effects; however, a high dose extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase ALT, aspartate transaminase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP and renal related indices such as serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, and serum electrolytes such as Ca, Mg, P, Na and K, as well as the total count of RBC, WBC, platelets and hemoglobin Hb concentra- tion, mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH concentration and hematocrit HCT values. Additionally, the extract showed positive effects on the lipid profile, i.e., decreasing levels of cholesterol, triglyc- erides and LDL and increasing levels of HDL. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS, glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity were also evaluated in liver and kidney homogenates. Paracetamol fed animals had high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and low levels of glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Extract ingestion caused a significant increase in glutathione and radical scavenging activity RSA levels, while reducing the (TBARS) levels, showing that the extracts have antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant capacity of the Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract at various dosages demonstrated an increased inhibition of DPPH, i.e., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylehydrazyle free radical. The histological study of the liver and kidney supports the protective activity of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract against paracetamol intoxication with optimistic effects regarding oxidative stress condition and serum electrolytes balance. Keywords: paracetamol; aqueous extract; alkaline phosphatase; creatinine; hepatoprotective; nephroprotective; oxidative stress 1. Introduction The liver is an essential organ in the body, playing a significant role in controlling a number of biological activities such as metabolism, secretion, and storage. Therefore, it protects the body from toxic substances through detoxification and the elimination of xenobiotics from the body [1,2]. This exposes the liver to a variety of endogenous and external harmful substances that can cause hepatotoxicity [3]. Separations 2023, 10, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10030182 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/separations