Review Resource allocation and compensation during development in holometabolous insects David Nestel a,⇑ , Nikos T. Papadopoulos b , Carlos Pascacio-Villafán c , Nicoletta Righini c , Alma R. Altuzar-Molina c , Martín Aluja c a Institute of Plant Protection, Dept. of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Ctr., Beit Dagan 50250, Israel b Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Dept. of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece c Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic Ò , Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico article info Article history: Received 6 July 2016 Received in revised form 15 September 2016 Accepted 16 September 2016 Available online 17 September 2016 Keywords: Compensatory physiology Trade-off Nutrigenomics Response-surface methods Mixture experiments Nutritional geometry abstract We provide an extensive review on current knowledge and future research paths on the topic of resource allocation and compensation during development in holometabolous insects, emphasizing the role of resource management during development, and how compensatory mechanisms may be acting to reme- diate nutritional deficiencies carried over from earlier stages of development. We first review resource allocation in ‘‘open” and ‘‘closed” developmental stages and then move on to the topic of modelling resource allocation and its trade-offs. In doing so, we review novel methodological developments such as response-surface methods and mixture experiments as well as nutritional geometry. We also dwell on the fascinating topic of compensatory physiology and behavior. We finish by discussing future research paths, among them the emerging field of nutrigenomics and gut microbiome, which will shed light into the yet poorly understood role of the symbiotic microbiota in nutrient compensation or assimilation. Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 79 2. Resource allocation and development in holometabolous insects: managing resources in ‘‘open” and ‘‘closed” developmental stages ........ 79 2.1. Resource allocation in ‘‘open” developmental stages .................................................................... 79 2.1.1. The larval stage........................................................................................... 79 2.1.2. The adult stage ........................................................................................... 80 2.2. Resource allocation in ‘‘closed” developmental stages ................................................................... 80 2.2.1. The pupal stage........................................................................................... 80 2.2.2. Diapause ................................................................................................ 81 3. Modelling resource allocation and trade-offs ................................................................................ 81 4. Compensatory physiology and behavior: methods of inquiry ................................................................... 82 4.1. Response surface methods and mixture experiments.................................................................... 84 4.2. Nutritional geometry.............................................................................................. 85 5. Beyond Insecta and future directions ...................................................................................... 86 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 86 References ........................................................................................................... 86 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.010 0022-1910/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: nestel@agri.gov.il (D. Nestel). Journal of Insect Physiology 95 (2016) 78–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Insect Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys