© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 657 Arduino based wireless tracking of Sleep Apnea through monitoring of Health parameters Dibyendu Mandal 1 , Sandip Bag 2 , Swati Sikdar 1 , Rupankar Ghoshal 3 , Sujaya Das 3 , Udbhasita Pal 3 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, India 2 Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, India 3 Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, India -------------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - When breathing repeatedly stops and resumes while slumber, it is referred as sleep apnea. Untreated conditions lead to vigorous snoring during sleep followed with tiredness and can be fatal in future untreated conditions. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurring bouts of partial or total upper airway obstruction brought on by the pharyngeal airway narrowing or collapsing while a person is still trying to breathe. This decrease in airflow, which lasts for at least 10 seconds, causes a drop in blood oxygen saturation and cortical arousals. The long-term effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) eventually lead to heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmia, and cerebrovascular damage. The polysomnography (PSG) nightly sleep study, which is the standard diagnostic method for OSA, is a laborious and time-consuming practice that exacerbates the patient's suffering. Since the introduction of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), researchers studying sleep disorders have become increasingly interested in the automatic detection of OSA since it affects both therapeutic and diagnostic choices. The present work thrives to develop a wireless system for tracking the various health parameters which fluctuate during apnea connected through the cellular phone module. The device has been tested and various data has been recorded on which clinical remarks can be analyzed for various data sets implemented on different age groups. It has been noticed that people of age 40 years or higher shows a higher chances of developing sleep apnea. The data alteration in Heart rate, saturation of partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in blood (SpO2) and the snoring intensity marks the footprint of Apnea condition in the patient. Key Words: Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Arduino, Heart Rate, SpO2, ECG 1. INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related sleep disorders depend on unique disruptions of the upper respiratory system's normal function and are associated to primary hypersomnia, interrupted sleep, and sleep deficiency. Among the most typical sleep disturbances, OSA is characterised by recurrent episodes of partial or full cessation of breathing while asleep. According to the literature, it affects 17% of women and 34% of men in the adult population. The primary symptoms develop with behavioural changes that eventually result in breathing pattern changes, sleeplessness, and may even cause narcolepsy [1]. Depending on the patient's pathophysiology, the length of the involuntary and nocturnal respiratory halt can range from 20 to 40 seconds, but can also be as little as 10 seconds (hypopnea), 2 minutes (apnea), or longer. Disproportionate fat depositions in the muscles of the pharynx tend to narrow the upper airway and are responsible for apneic episodes in OSA patients. The blood oxygen saturation typically falls during the apnea- hypopnea episodes, which then sets off the autonomic neural response and causes micro-arousals with nocturnal gasping for air. 90% of OSA sufferers say they have restless and erratic sleep, weariness, and a lack of vitality. The preponderance of OSA patients are currently underdiagnosed because a bigger percentage of them are asymptomatic. Repeated apnea-hypopnea episodes cause primary events like intermittent hypoxemia, micro arousals, and increased intrathoracic pressure. These primary events then start a cascade of interconnected processes that contribute to the developmental causes of secondary disease manifestations and disease end points, as shown in Figure 1. The main cause of metabolic dysfunction and high blood pressure in OSA patients is sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. Sleep apnea is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as daytime weariness, diabetes, kidney and liver difficulties, and cardiac issues [2, 3]. The underlying genetic propensity for the disease and intricate interactions between anatomical, neuromuscular, and other variables make up the multifactorial pathophysiology of OSA. Menopause in women, middle age, obesity, snoring, and a number of craniofacial and oropharyngeal characteristics, such as a large neck circumference, retro- or micrognazia, nasal blockage, enlarged tonsils and adenoids, macroglossia, and low-lying soft palate, are risk factors of OSA [5]. The disorder is now better understood and addressed, owing to developments in sleep medicine and the availability of improved diagnostic techniques over the past 20 years. There are numerous therapy options currently accessible, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072