Research Article
InvestigationofCinnamaldehydeDerivativesasPotentialOrganic
UV Filters
Monica B. Pan, Chloe S. Hughes, Hailey N. Lynch, Marcia M. Schilling,
and Anuradha Liyana Pathiranage
Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Anuradha Liyana Pathiranage; pathiranagea@apsu.edu
Received 5 September 2021; Revised 8 February 2022; Accepted 17 February 2022; Published 14 March 2022
Academic Editor: Khaled Mostafa
Copyright©2022MonicaB.Panetal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays has been attributed to irreversible health defects at the cellular level. Most im-
portantly, damage to DNA by UVA and UVB rays can result in uncontrolled cellular growth, leading to skin cancer. As a result,
topical treatments have been developed over time to protect the skin from UVA and UVB rays. e active ingredients in
sunscreens or sun creams are sometimes unsaturated, aromatic organic compounds capable of absorbing harmful UV photons at a
great range of wavelengths. Absorption capabilities of these species depend on their degree of conjugation and their molar
absorptivity. With this knowledge, two cinnamaldehyde derivatives were synthesized into five potential organic UV filters by the
aldol condensation reaction. e products were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and attenuated total re-
flection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to
determine the UV absorption range and intensity of absorption for each compound. Since the compounds would hypothetically
be utilized in topical ointments to aide in skin protection, these compounds were assessed in the presence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, a representative bacterium of the skin’s natural flora. A time-course assay was conducted to detect growth effects of
P. aeruginosa in the presence of the organic compounds. According to the spectroscopic and bacterial analyses of these UV-
blocking compounds, three compounds were determined to be potential UV filters that cover UVA region while demonstrating
no apparent harm to the natural skin bacteria P. aeruginosa, while the other two likely diminished bacterial growth by simple
niche inhibition.
1. Introduction
Sunlight exposure is valued for its benefits to human health,
especially its role in the synthesis of vitamin D from cho-
lesterol. Unfortunately, prolonged and unprotected exposure
to UV rays has been associated with irreversible health defects
[1]. e region of UV light emitted by the sun is categorized
into three types, which span the following wavelengths: UVA
(320–400 nm), UVB (290–320 nm), and UVC (200–290 nm)
[2]. Essentially, all UVC rays and a significant portion of UVB
rays are absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere and do not penetrate
its surface. As a result, UVC ranges of UV light are not
typically considered when investigating potential UV filters.
Since both UVB and UVA radiation can reach the Earth’s
surface and affect the epidermal layer of the skin, broad-
spectrum sunscreens are designed to block rays in the UVB
and UVA wavelengths [3–5]. UVB rays, while less common
on Earth’s surface than UVA rays, have a shorter wavelength
and higher energy than UVA rays, and therefore are capable
of greater damage to the skin. UVB exposure to the skin can
cause mild to severe erythema, typically referred to as sunburn
or suntanning, as well as photoaging via collagen degener-
ation and abnormal deposition of elastic fibers of the skin [6].
In extreme cases, prolonged and unprotected exposure to
UVA and UVB can result in damage to a cell’s DNA which
can result in uncontrolled cell growth and skin cancer. While
exposure to UVB radiation has been identified as the major
contributor to the more harmful effects of solar radiation,
studies revealed detrimental effects of long-term exposure to
UVA radiation as well.
Hindawi
Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2022, Article ID 7010428, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7010428