Optimal orientation of injectors for efficient spray pattern of fuel flow in a diesel engine P. Mano Alexander a , S. Nandhakumar b,⇑ , S. Seenivasan a , N.A. Ashfaq Ahamed a , P. Raj Kumar a a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaanish Ahmed Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641023, India b Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641048, India article info Article history: Received 2 August 2020 Accepted 25 August 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: CFD analysis Spray patterns Injector orientation Diesel engine Atomization Fuel injection nozzle abstract The geometry of the diesel fuel injection nozzle and fuel flow characteristics in the nozzle significantly affects the processes of fuel atomization, combustion and formation of pollutants emissions in a diesel engine. A modern compression ignition engine should meet ecological and economical requirements. As the process of combustion, production of pollutants and noise emissions is mainly controlled by the process of fuel injection. Nowadays a lot of effort is put into the development of new and improvement of existing diesel fuel injection systems. This work mainly deals with the prediction of efficient spray pat- tern of fuel flow by obtaining optimal orientation for injectors. The orientations is analyzed using CFD. The injection and the fuel spray characteristics connected with the combustion chamber geometry con- trol the combustion and pollutant formation processes. Therefore the engine operation characteristics could be improved by improving one of the above. But still the fuel injection nozzle presents quite a less researched area. Comparatively case 2 (3 mm lift) gave the better velocity flow coefficient. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer- ence on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science. 1. Introduction With today’s stringent legislative requirements, every combus- tion/emission contributing component must be researched and optimized in modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. How- ever, a limited amount of research on the taper angle of gasoline injector nozzles can be found. In this study, three GDI fuel injectors are investigated to study the effects of nozzle taper angle on spray characteristics. All of the injectors have the same inlet diameter, and the only difference is the nozzle taper angle. A numerical method was used to study the internal nozzle flow, and various optical techniques were applied to investigate the spray character- istics. As a result, the initial tip penetration was proportional to the injection timing, and nearly independent with the nozzle taper angle. For well-developed sprays, larger nozzle taper angle resulted in shorter penetration and faster breakup. Increasing the nozzle taper angle resulted in larger space between internal flow and the nozzle wall, which enhanced air entrainment into the nozzle. Consequently, flow radial velocity at the nozzle exit increased, which was beneficial to spray breakup and atomization. Finally, it shows that adjusting the taper angle of the nozzle offers an addi- tional degree of freedom when trying to optimize the spray charac- teristics of an injector for improved fuel atomization, engine combustion performance and emissions reduction [1]. Given diminishing fossil fuel resources and severe environmental pollu- tion, governments are strengthening their regulations regarding the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of transportation vehicles. To satisfy the newstringent requirements for emission and efficiency, researchers have attempted to combine the advan- tages of gasoline and diesel engines in a single engine. In a GDI engine, the fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber to form a stratified air/fuel mixture for ultra-lean combustion. To achieve the proper mixture in the combustion chamber of a GDI engine, various injection and airflow strategies have been imple- mented, such as the multiple injection and spray-guided tech- niques. Also various emission after-treatment devices, such as a gasoline particulate filter and lean NOx trap have been used to reduce exhaust emissions. Researches are actively pursuing alter- native fuels, such as bioethanol and biobutanol, eco-friendly alco- hol fuels, for use in GDI engines. Our objectiveis to examine the injection, spray, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of a GDI engine with a multi-hole injector [2]. Fuel spray and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.666 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: nandhakumarngp2020@gmail.com (S. Nandhakumar). Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr Please cite this article as: P. Mano Alexander, S. Nandhakumar, S. Seenivasan et al., Optimal orientation of injectors for efficient spray pattern of fuel flow in a diesel engine, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.666