Multi-Criteria decision making (MCDM) for the selection of Li-Ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) M.K. Loganathan a,⇑ , Bikash Mishra b , Cher Ming Tan c , Trond Kongsvik d , R.N. Rai e a Sr. Research Fellow, Center for Reliability Sciences and Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kaziranga University, Jorhat 785006, India c Center for Reliability Sciences and Technologies & Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan d Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, NTNU, Trondheim 1517, Norway e SCSQR, IIT Kharagpur 721302, India article info Article history: Received 23 November 2019 Received in revised form 17 June 2020 Accepted 8 July 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Cathode and anode material Lithium-Ion batteries Electric vehicles (EVs) MCDM WSM abstract Battery-operated electrical vehicles are gradually replacing combustion engine-based vehicles. However, this is happening at a very slow pace as the development of better performing batteries are still under- way. Rapid charging, long range driving, longest battery life and low cost are the stringent requirements to be met in developing battery technology. The most widely used Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have managed to deliver a reasonable performance, but with high cost and shorter life span. The materials used for electrodes play a vital role in deciding the battery performance, cost, and life. The Li-ion batter- ies, which are currently in use, are classified based on the material used in making electrodes. The prac- tical issue is that the EV manufacturers do find it difficult to select a best Li-ion battery, in order to strike a trade-off between performance, cost, and life. In this paper, an MCDM based methodology for the selec- tion of Li-ion batteries that are categories based on cathode/ anode material, is proposed. The method is useful for the EV OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) in selection of the best battery, and to opti- mize the cost, and the performance of the EVs. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Advances in Minerals, Metals, Materials, Manufacturing and Modelling. 1. Introduction Battery operated electric vehicles (EVs) were developed and produced in the early 18 s [1]. But it lacked in producing high power as compared to fossil fuel vehicles, whose innovation and development out shined EVs. Presently, climate change has forced the automotive vehicle technology to make a paradigm shift from fossil-fuel based internal combustion engine to electrical motors for traction purposes. The main advantages of EV are; zero emis- sion of CO2, lower running cost, noise-free operation and lower maintenance cost. EVs get power from various sources of renew- able energies. One such energy source is the Li-Ion battery. The rea- sons for dominant use of Li-Ion batteries in EVs are; energy efficiency, longer life span, and faster rate of charging in compar- ison to other batteries. The working principle of Li-Ion battery is briefly described as follows; The active element in the battery is the electrochemical cell, which consists of a cathode and an anode separated and connected by an electrolyte. The function of the electrolyte is to conduct ions. During charging, electrons flow from cathode to anode through the separator and current flows from anode to cathode, and in discharged state, lithium ions leave the anode and migrates through the electrolyte to the cathode while its associated electron is used to power an electric device (Fig. 1.1). The performance of Li-Ion batteries is mainly affected by the cathode and anode material [2,24,25]. There are significant improvements in developing batteries in the past couple of dec- ades, based on the selection of the good quality cathode/anode material for obtaining better battery performance characteristics. The charging rate has also been improved in recent times [19,22,23]. Nanotechnology has made remarkable progress in material research [26], and battery research is no exception. A sig- nificant number of research works have been reported on the development of nanostructured materials for electrodes used in li-ion batteries [33]. Reliable systems [27,28] are vital to produce safe, robust and dependable automotive vehicle systems [29–31]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.179 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Advances in Minerals, Metals, Materials, Manufacturing and Modelling. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: loganathanmk123@gmail.com (M.K. Loganathan). Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr Please cite this article as: M. K. Loganathan, B. Mishra, C. M. Tan et al., Multi-Criteria decision making (MCDM) for the selection of Li-Ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.179