Wildlife Society Bulletin 1–8; 2020; DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1136 Original Article Relationship Between Hunting Time Schedule and Sika Deer Spatial Displacement in Hunting with and Without Driving SAYA YAMAGUCHI , 1,2,3 Laboratory of Wildlife Management, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183‐8509, Japan KAZUTAKA M. TAKESHITA , 3 Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16‐2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8506, Japan KIYOSHI TANIKAWA, Kanagawa Prefecture Nature Conservation Center, 657 Nanasawa, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243‐0121, Japan KOICHI KAJI, Laboratory of Wildlife Management, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183‐8509, Japan ABSTRACT The indirect effects (risk effects) of hunting (e.g., lowered frequency of hunting site use by deer due to human predation risk) have received increasing attention in deer management programs. However, our understanding of the relationship between hunting time schedule and risk‐effect level remains limited. We investigated the relationships between hunting time schedule (the duration of the hunting operation and its execution interval) and the extent of sika deer (Cervus nippon) spatial displace- ment from hunting sites in hunting with and without driving (drive and stalk hunting, respectively) in the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan, 2016–2018. Driving in deer hunting means the action of making deer move by using dogs and/or hunters. We considered the probability of photographing deer with a camera trap after hunting operation per day (hazard) as an indicator of the extent of deer spatial displacement. Hazard was negatively associated with the duration of hunting operation in both drive and stalk hunting. In stalk hunting, hazard was also negatively associated with the number of days elapsed since the previous hunting operation in the same hunting site, whereas such an association was not observed in drive hunting. For drive hunting, in order to divert deer from hunting sites for a long time, hunting operations should be conducted throughout the day even if these operations are expected to end in a poor harvest. Conversely, for stalk hunting, short hunting‐operation time and short execution interval days between each operation are required to reduce deer spatial displacement. © 2020 The Wildlife Society. KEY WORDS anti‐predator behavior, camera trap, Cervus nippon, human predation risk, hunting for fear, risk effect. Overabundant deer populations are of concern in many areas, owing to their negative impact on natural and managed ecosystems and human economic activities (e.g., overbrowsing, trampling, deer‐vehicle collisions, and trans- mission of wildlife diseases and zoonoses; Côté et al. 2004). Accordingly, wildlife managers have used lethal‐control measures (e.g., hunting) to reduce such negative social and ecological impacts. In addition to the direct suppression effects of hunting on such impacts by reducing deer pop- ulation density, the importance of its indirect (nonlethal) effects (i.e., deer behavioral changes induced by human predation risk) has been recently emphasized (Putman and Apollonio 2014, Apollonio et al. 2017). Prey animals change habitat‐use patterns in response to spatial variation in perceived predation risk. The landscape of fear (Laundré et al. 2001, Gaynor et al. 2019). Cromsigt et al. (2013) introduced the concept of hunting as fear, and considered such risk effects as possible solutions to human‐wildlife conflicts, especially the negative impacts of overabundant ungulate populations. Wildlife managers must choose the most suitable hunting method among various options, considering the risk‐effect level of each hunting method. Deer‐hunting methods can be roughly classified into 2 categories based on whether driving is involved. The term driving in deer hunting indicates the action of making deer move by using dogs (Canis familiaris) and/or hunters (Sunde et al. 2009, Grignolio et al. 2011). Driving causes a significant change in the risk‐effect level of deer‐hunting (Cromsigt et al. 2013), and hunting with driving shows larger Received: 1 November 2019; Accepted: 6 June 2020 Published: 1 E‐mail: saya.yamaguchi8@gmail.com 2 Current affiliation: Research Institute of Energy, Environment and Geology, Hokkaido Research Organization, Kita19‐jo Nishi12‐chome, Kita‐ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‐0819, Japan 3 Co‐first authors: These authors contributed equally to this work Yamaguchi et al. • Deer Spatial Displacement After Hunting 1