Research paper Fully optimized energy management for propulsion, thermal cooling and auxiliaries of a serial hybrid electric vehicle Francisco Jos  e Jim  enez-Espadafor a, *, 1 , Daniel Palomo Guerrero a, 1 , Elisa Carvajal Trujillo a, 1 , Miguel Torres García a, 1 , Johan Wideberg b, 2 a Department of Energy Engineering, Seville University, Spain, Camino de los Descubrimientos, s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain b Transport Engineering Department, Seville University, Spain, Camino de los Descubrimientos, s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain highlights  Fuel consumption reduction of SHEV depends on propulsion, cooling and auxiliaries.  Energy consumption of cooling system change a lot with vehicle loads.  An appropriate cooling design improves fuel consumption along vehicle service life. article info Article history: Received 23 February 2015 Accepted 11 August 2015 Available online 20 August 2015 Keywords: Hybrid electrical vehicle Optimal energy management Cooling system abstract Energy management in vehicles is a relevant issue, especially in the case of electric vehicles (EV) or hybrid vehicles (HEV) where different energy demands have to be satisfied from the primary energy source. In this work two energy management strategies are applied to a serial hybrid High Mobility Multi- purpose Wheeled Vehicle in order to analyze the potentiality of the reduction of fuel consumption. A one-dimension numerical model of the serial hybrid vehicle was established. This model integrates hybrid vehicle propulsion, internal combustion engine cooling, electric engine and appliances cooling and energy consumption from auxiliary equipment. All the energy required for the vehicle comes from the internal combustion engine that is coupled to a generator. This injects energy to constant electrical tension into the power bus that can be stored in batteries and ultracapacitors or feed to the propulsion engines and the auxiliaries. Electrical storage systems can also inject energy into the power bus to satisfy any demand. The cooling system is integrated by radiators, electrically controlled pumps, fan and valves and all the equipment present a maximum allowable outlet water temperature that cannot be passed. Vehicle propulsion loads and ambient air conditions have been estimated from a route usually followed by ground troops where position, velocity and acceleration are available. Based on the previous model, two control strategies for the combined control of propulsion, cooling and auxiliaries' energy supply were proposed and evaluated. As a result and considering the expected useful life of the vehicle, the best energy management strategy is able to avoid the consumption of more than 50,000 L of diesel fuel avoiding the emissions of 177 tons of CO 2 . © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Worldwide road transport represent a significant part of the global oil and natural gas consumption and therefore of the carbon dioxide emissions. Mainly due to cost, transformation technology and production issues, biofuels are far to be a total alternative to oil and natural gas in the transport sector. Otherwise, in the medium term full electric vehicle is not ready to be a substitute to the in- ternal combustion engine due to technology challenges regarding * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ34 95 4487245. E-mail addresses: fcojjea@us.es (F.J. Jim enez-Espadafor), wideberg@us.es (J. Wideberg). 1 Tel.: þ34 95 4487245. 2 Tel.: þ34 95 4482280. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Thermal Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.020 1359-4311/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Applied Thermal Engineering 91 (2015) 694e705