Abstract— Electrodermal activity (EDA) has been found to be
a highly sensitive, accurate and non-invasive measure of the
sympathetic nervous system’s activity and has been used to
extract biomarkers of various pathophysiological conditions
including stress, fatigue, epilepsy, and chronic pain. Recently,
various robust signal processing techniques have been developed
to obtain more reliable and accurate indices that capture the
meaningful characteristics of the EDA using data collected from
laboratory-scale devices. However, EDA also has the potential to
monitor such physiological conditions in active ambulatory
settings, for which the developed tools must be deployed in
wearable devices. In this paper, we studied the feasibility of
obtaining the highly-sensitive spectral indices of EDA using a
wearable device. EDA signals were collected from left hand
fingers using a wearable device and a laboratory-scale reference
device, while N=18 subjects underwent the Head up Tilt test and
the Stroop test to stimulate orthostatic and cognitive stress,
respectively. We computed two time-domain indices, the skin
conductance level (SCL) and nonspecific skin conductance
responses (NS.SCRs), and two spectral indices, the normalized
sympathetic components of the EDA (EDASympn), and the
time-varying EDA index of sympathetic control (TVSymp). The
results showed similar performances for EDASympn and
TVSymp indices across both devices. While spectral indices
obtained from both devices performed similarly in response to
orthostatic and cognitive stress, time-domain exhibited large
variation when obtained by the wearable device. Further
research is required to develop and refine such devices, as well
as the indices used to analyze EDA results.
Clinical Relevance— This study proves the feasibility of
obtaining spectral indices of EDA using a wearable device, which
can be used to develop wearable tools to detect pain, stress,
fatigue, between others.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrodermal activity (EDA) has recently increased in
popularity due to its sensitivity as a measure of sympathetic
activity. In measuring changes in the conductance of skin,
EDA acts as a method for evaluating the state of the autonomic
nervous system in addition to the cognitive activity of a subject
[1]–[5]. Obtained in a noninvasive and direct process, EDA
has proven to be an accurate and useful metric in studies
observing a range of conditions including emotional arousal
R. McNaboe, H.F. Posada-Quintero, M-B. Hossain, Y. Kong, and K.H.
Chon are with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA (corresponding author to provide phone:
959-777-2623; e-mail: riley.mcnaboe@uconn.edu, h.posada@uconn.edu,
[6], pain [7] and stress [8],[9]. However, the majority of
research utilizing EDA signals is conducted with large,
laboratory designed devices that limit the potential EDA has
to be used as a measure in ambulatory settings. By
incorporating EDA functionality into wearable devices, it is
possible to provide sensitive, accurate, and real-time metrics
similar to those currently produced in research laboratories in
an unobtrusive and practical manner.
High sensitivity measures of a subject’s sympathetic tone
are needed, as they provide means of monitoring and treating
various conditions related to the impairment of sympathetic
control [10]. Traditionally, the analysis of EDA has been in the
time domain [1], using two highly variable measures, skin
conductance level (SCL) and nonspecific skin conductance
responses (NS.SCRs) [11]. Recent studies have also used a
normalized time-invariant frequency domain analysis of EDA
(EDASympn) which has demonstrated lower variability
compared to SCL and NS.SCRs, but still only marginally
acceptable consistency in results [11].
Recently, we have created a technique to improve upon
these metrics by accounting for the time-varying characteristic
of the sympathetic tone using a time-varying analysis of EDA
referred to as TVSymp [12]. This index was developed using
a variable frequency complex demodulation, a time-frequency
spectral analysis technique and a high time-frequency
resolution to develop and index of sympathetic tone. TVSymp
is the mean spectral amplitudes in the frequency band
associated with the sympathetic tone of the EDA signals.
When compared to the time-domain and time-invariant indices
such as heat rate variability, SCL, NS.SCRs, and EDASympn,
TVSymp proved to be the most sensitive to applied stimuli.
TVSymp has proven to be a reproducible index of EDA
activity in various applications [13] including dental pain [14],
dehydration [15], stress [16]. In accurately quantifying various
forms of sympathetic activity, its promising results not only
demonstrates consistency but enables future applications and
studies with EDA. An accurate understanding of the
autonomic nervous system’s dynamics can lead to improved
treatment and interventions related to the performance and
health of patients with related conditions. Wearable devices
are one of the most obvious implementations of such a
sensitive and versatile measure like EDA. Several studies have
looked into collecting EDA data from wearable devices, such
md.b.hossain@uconn.edu, youngsun.kong@uconn.edu,
ki.chon@uconn.edu).
Validation of Spectral Indices of Electrodermal Activity with a
Wearable Device*
Riley Q. McNaboe, Member, IEEE, Md-Billal Hossain, Member, IEEE, Youngsun Kong, Member,
IEEE, Ki H. Chon, Senior Member, IEEE, Hugo F. Posada-Quintero,
2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the
IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)
Oct 31 - Nov 4, 2021. Virtual Conference
978-1-7281-1178-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE 6991