Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography Imaging for Malignancies in Women Chitra Viswanathan, MD a, *, Priya R. Bhosale, MD a , Shetal N. Shah, MD b , Raghunandan Vikram, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR a INTRODUCTION Gynecologic malignancy is a leading cause of can- cer in women worldwide and causes up to 20% of solid tumors in women. In the United States, an estimated 91,730 patients will be diagnosed with gynecologic malignancy and 28,080 will die in 2013. 1 The most common gynecologic malig- nancy is endometrial cancer in the United States and Western Europe, but ovarian cancer accounts for most of the cancer-related deaths. Ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic reso- nance (MR) imaging are conventionally used for local staging of disease. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT has seen increasing acceptance in gynecologic malignancies over the past decade because of its ability to combine physiologic and anatomic information and also to image the whole body in a single examination, helping detect both The authors have no disclosures. a Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030, USA; b Diagnostic Radiology and PET Imaging, PET-MR, Center for PET and Molecular Imaging, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Mail Code Hb6, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address: chitra.viswanathan@mdanderson.org KEYWORDS  PET/CT  Cervical cancer  Endometrial cancer  Pitfalls  Gynecologic malignancy KEY POINTS  In cervical cancer, survival is correlated with nodal disease, and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is superior for nodal staging. Standardized uptake value (SUV) of primary tumor also prognosticates survival at 5 years, and posttreatment SUV predicts survival at 2 years after treatment.  In ovarian cancer, the value of PET/CT is in detection of disease in symptomatic patients with normal imaging and normal cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and in patients with normal imaging and increasing CA-125.  In grade III endometrial cancer and papillary serous tumors, PET/CT is useful in diagnosing nodes above the iliac vessels and detecting distant metastases not included in routine staging surgery, thereby altering treatment.  PET/CT can help detect the presence of lymph node metastases, the most important prognostic factor, in patients with vulvar carcinoma.  PET/CT may be helpful in detecting a fallopian tube primary cancer in a patient with widespread metastatic disease of unknown primary tumor. Radiol Clin N Am 51 (2013) 1111–1125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2013.07.006 0033-8389/13/$ – see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. radiologic.theclinics.com