305 9 Thermal Therapy Applications of Electromagnetic Energy P.R. Stauffer Thomas Jeffereson University D.B. Rodrigues University of Maryland School of Medicine D. Haemmerich Medical University of South Carolina C.-K. Chou C-K. Chou Consulting CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 306 9.1.1 Electromagnetic Heating Mechanisms............................................................... 307 9.1.2 Temperature Rise Due to EM Heating................................................................ 307 9.2 Hyperthermia Therapy for Cancer ................................................................................. 309 9.2.1 Methods of Heating Tissue with EM Energy .................................................... 311 9.2.2 Clinical Trials of Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy ....................................... 315 9.2.2.1 Breast Cancer ........................................................................................... 315 9.2.2.2 Cervical Cancer ....................................................................................... 316 9.2.2.3 Head and Neck Cancer .......................................................................... 316 9.2.2.4 Rectal Cancer ........................................................................................... 317 9.2.2.5 Melanoma and Other Superfcial Malignancies................................. 317 9.2.2.6 Bladder Cancer ........................................................................................ 318 9.2.2.7 Esophageal Cancer .................................................................................. 318 9.2.2.8 Lung Cancer............................................................................................. 318 9.2.2.9 Prostate Cancer ........................................................................................ 319 9.2.2.10 Sarcomas................................................................................................... 319 9.2.2.11 Glioblastoma Multiforme....................................................................... 319 9.2.2.12 Pancreatic Cancer .................................................................................... 320 9.2.2.13 Summary of Clinical Trials ................................................................... 320 9.3 Thermal Ablation Therapy ............................................................................................... 320 9.3.1 Biophysics of Radiofrequency Ablation.............................................................. 321 9.3.2 Biophysics of Microwave Ablation ...................................................................... 322 9.3.3 Tumor Ablation Devices ....................................................................................... 323 9.3.4 Oncological Applications of Thermal Ablation ................................................. 325 9.3.4.1 Liver Cancer ............................................................................................. 325 9.3.4.2 Kidney Cancer ......................................................................................... 326