ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Translation and Validation of Shame and Stigma Scale for Head
and Neck Cancer into the Hindi Language
Atul Kumar Goyal
1
·
Jaimanti Bakshi
1
·
Naresh K. Panda
1
·
Rakesh Kapoor
2
·
Dharam Vir
1
·
Krishan Kumar
3
·
Pankaj Aneja
4
·
Balwinder Singh
5
·
Meenu Gupta
6
·
Sumittar Singh Walia
7
Received: 18 February 2021 / Accepted: 1 May 2021
© The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India 2021
Abstract
Background At advanced stages, treatment procedure of
head and neck cancer often leads to mutilation and evokes
shame and stigma in patients. In the present work, we
translated and validated the shame and stigma scale into
the Hindi language and tested the translated scale in
patients of head and neck cancer.
Subject and Methods The English version of the scale was
translated into the Hindi language. A validity and relia-
bility study of the translated scale was carried out by taking
200 patients of head and neck cancer.
Results For the translated Hindi version of the shame and
stigma scale, the content validity score came to be 0.94.
Four items of shame and stigma scale were found to have
strong criterion validity. In construct validity testing, for-
warded scored items in the shame and stigma scale were
found to have strong convergent construct validity, and
reversed scored items of the scale were found to exhibit
strong divergent construct validity. For internal consistent
reliability testing, the value of Cronbach’s alpha was found
to be 0.85. For test–retest reliability, the value of Pearson’s
correlation coefficient was found to be 0.88. The value of
the inter-rater agreement was found to be 0.8.
Conclusions The translated Hindi version of the shame and
stigma scale was found to exhibit strong reliability and
validity. The translated scale can be used by the clinician to
assess the shame and stigma in Indian patients of head and
neck cancer.
Keywords Shame · Stigma · Psychology · Cancer ·
Validity
& Atul Kumar Goyal
atlgyl@gmail.com
Jaimanti Bakshi
drjayabakshi@ymail.com
Naresh K. Panda
npanda59@yahoo.co.in
Rakesh Kapoor
drkapoor.r@gmail.com
Dharam Vir
vir486@gmail.com
Krishan Kumar
keshusony@rediffmail.com
Pankaj Aneja
drpankajaneja@rediffmail.com
Balwinder Singh
drbalvendrasingh@gmail.com
Meenu Gupta
mun110275@gmail.com
Sumittar Singh Walia
shsumittarsinghwalia@gmail.com
1
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery,
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India
2
Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Punjab,
India
3
Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
4
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India
5
Department of Hindi, DAV College, Jalandhar, India
6
Department of English and Cultural Studies, Panjab
University, Chandigarh, India
7
Department of English, DAV College, Chandigarh, India
123
J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-021-01588-z