Articles
204 © Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin · Steel Construction 7 (2014), No. 3
DOI: 10.1002/stco.201410027
Structural glass corresponds to an innovative material with extraordinary aesthetical
and architectonic potential that has undergone significant technological advances in
recent years, yielding it stronger and safer. For this reason, the use of structural glass
has increased considerably in the last decade and is now an unavoidable presence in
most of recent reference buildings.
The structural capacity of glass elements is brought in from reinforcing techniques of
different types. One of the possibilities corresponds to pre stressed cables reinforcement.
This technique is very effective in terms of resistance and deformability and corresponds
to a light reinforcing element rendering the so called spider web effect. In the framework
of the research project “S-Glass: Structural performance and design rules of glass beams
externally reinforced” [1] study the behavior of laminated glass beams reinforced by too
twin external steel rods.
The work presented in the current paper is within the framework of S-Glass project aim-
ing at characterizing the behavior of reinforced laminated glass beams in the non-crack
regimen. For this purpose experimental and numerical analysis were prepared. The nu-
merical model was used for a cable layout optimization analysis. Furthermore an analyti-
cal solution is put forward, which tackles the beam-cable load transfer indetermination.
Final conclusions are established on the bases of a comparison established between ex-
perimental, numerical and analytical results.
1 Layout and geometry
The layout of the structural model cor-
responds to a four point bending test
setup (Fig. 1). The beam is laterally re-
strained at four diferent locations: the
supports and near the load application
positions. The structural system com-
prises a twin set of cables with a diam-
eter of 10 mm. The cables are external
to the beam, shifting 0.05 m from the
beam’s vertical mid plan. The lami-
nated cross section is formed by two
10 mm annealed glass layers and a
1.52 mm SentryGlas
®
Plus (SGP) film.
2 Finite element model
The fnite element numerical model of
the structure was prepared with soft-
ware Abaqus [2].
The beam’s mesh comprises S4
square elements (Fig. 2). The compos-
ite section option was used in order to
model the contacts between glass and
SGP. Truss fnite elements (T3D2)
were used for the cables and solid f-
nite elements (C3D8) were used for
the rigid steel plates at the beam ends
(see Fig. 2). Details on the numerical
model can be found in [3].
3 Optimization of the cable postion
The objective is to determine the ideal
position for the tension cable, which is
the one leading to higher vertical forces
with smaller forces in the cable. This
will be achieved by an optimization
based on the parameters “e” and “d”
defning the layout of the cable (Fig. 3).
Due to the fact that a pre stress force
is present, the analysis was performed
in two steps:
Step 1: The pre-stress load in the ca-
bles (Pe) is applied until 2/3 of the glass
Behaviour of laminated glass beams reinforced
with pre-stressed cables
Sandra Jordão*
Marco Pinho
Luís Costa Neves
João Pedro Martins
Aldina Santiago
Selected and reviewed by the Scientifc
Committee of the 7th European Confer-
ence on Steel and Composite Structures,
10 to 12 September 2014, Napoli, Italy
* Corresponding author:
sjordao@dec.uc.pt
Fig. 1. Geometry and layout of the beam
Fig. 2. Prototype a) and numerical model b)
a) b)