*LULü 6LPHWULN ED]DO JDQJOLRQ NDOVLILNDV\RQX GLùHU DGラ LOH )DKU KDVWDOラùラ LON GHID  \ラOラQGD .DUO 7KHRGHU )DKU WDUDIラQGDQ WDQラPODQPラüWラU .DOVLILNDV\RQODU JHQHOOLNOH ELODWHUDO RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU  6WULRSDOOLGRGHQWDW NDOVLILNDV\RQODU JHQHOOLNOH NDOVL\XP YH IRVIRU PHWDEROL]PD ER]XNOXNODUラQD HüOLN HGHU DQFDN ED]ラ ROJXODUGD VHUXP NDOVL\XP PHWDEROL]PDVラQGD GHùLüLNOLN ROPDNVラ]ラQ JHQHWLN KDVDU VRQXFXQGD GD KDVWDOラùラQ JHOLüHELOGLùL WDQラPODQPラüWラU %D]ラ oDOラüPDODUGD LVH Q|URQDO GRNXGD IDUNOラ WRNVLQ YH HQIHNVL\|] DMDQODUD EDùOラ JHOLüHQ QHNUR] VRQUDVラQGD GD NDOVL\XP GHPLU EDNラU JLEL HOHPHQWOHU YH SURWHLQOHULQ o|NPHVL LOH VWULRSDOOLGRGHQWDW NDOVLILNDV\RQODUラQ JHOLüWLùL VDSWDQPラüWラU 3 'DKD HUNHQ EDüOD\DQ ROJXODU UDSRU HGLOPHNOH ELUOLNWH KDVWDOラùラQ EXOJXODUラ JHQHOOLNOH  LOH  GHNDWODU DUDVラQGD EDüODU 6ラNOラNOD Q|URSVLNL\DWULN HNVWUDSLUDPLGDO YH VHUHEHOODU EHOLUWLOHU NRQXüPD ER]XNOXNODUラ YH GHPDQV VDSWDQラU 4 %X \D]ラGD EDü DùUラVラ \DNラQPDVラ LOH EDüYXUDQ LQWDVHUHEUDO NDOVLILNDV\RQ VDSWDQDQ )DKU VHQGURPX WDQラVラ DODQ ELU ROJX VXQXOPDNWDGラU Olgu  \DüラQGD VDù HOOL NDGラQ KDVWD EDü DùUラVラ QHGHQL\OH NDEXO HGLOGL <DNODüラN  \ラOGラU EDü DùUラVラ \DNラQPDVラ RODQ KDVWDQラQ EDüDùUラODUラ  D\ラQ   JQ GHYDPOラOラN J|VWHUPHNWH\GL 6RQ  JQGU üLGGHWOHQHQ DùUラVラ HQVHGHQ EDüOD\ラS IURQWDO E|OJH\H NDGDU EDüラQラQ KHU LNL WDUDIラQD \D\ラOラ\RUGX $ùUラVラQD EXODQWラ NXVPD HüOLN HWPL\RUGX .QW VラNラüWラUラFラ ELU DùUラ WDULIOH\HQ KDVWDQラQ DùUラVラ |]HOOLNOH |ùOHGHQ VRQUDODUラ DUWラ\RU \DNODüラN  GDNLND VDDW VU\RU YH DùUラ NHVLFL DOPDNOD NラVPHQ UDKDWOラ\RUGX %X üLND\HWOHUOH NOLQLùLPL]H NDEXO HGLOHQ KDVWDQラQ Q|URORMLN YH VLVWHPLN PXD\HQHVL QRUPDO ROXS |]JHoPLü YH VR\JHoPLüLQGH ELU |]HOOLN VDSWDQPDGラ /DERUDWXYDU LQFHOHPHOHULQGH WDP NDQ LGUDU NDUDFLùHU YH E|EUHN IRQNVL\RQ WHVWOHUL SHULIHULN \D\PD YH WLURLG IRQNLV\RQ WHVWOHUL QRUPDOGL .DQGD SDUDWKRUPRQ NDOVL\XP IRVIRU YH YLWDPLQ ' G]H\OHUL EDNラOGラ YH QRUPDO EXOXQGX +DVWDQラQ EDüDùUラVラ \DNラQPDVラ |Q SODQGD ROGXùX LoLQ ELOJLVD\DUOラ EH\LQ WRPRJUDILVL %%7 LOH EH\LQ J|UQWOHPHVL \DSラOGラ %%7キGH KHU LNL NDXGDW QNOHXV JOREXV SDOOLGXV YH SXWDPHQGH \RùXQ NDOVLILNDV\RQ OHKLQH \RUXPODQDQ GDQVLWH DUWラüラ J|]OHQGL 5HVLP  *UDGL\HQW HNR YH GLI]\RQ DùラUOラNOラ PDQ\HWLN UH]RQDQV J|UQWOHPHGH 05* KHU LNL SXWDPHQ JOREXV SDOOLGXV YH NDXGDW QNOHXV EDüラQGD IDUNOラ HYUHOHUGH NDOVL\XP *HULOLP 7LSL %DüDùUラVラ YH )DKU +DVWDOラùラ %LUOLNWHOLùL 7HQVLRQ 7\SH +HDGDFKH DQG )DKUキV 'LVHDVH &DQHU %D\GDU 1  +DIL]H 1DODQ *QHü 2  7DKLU .XUWXOXü <ROGDü 2  $VODQ <ラOPD] 1 1 'ラüNDSラ <ラOGラUラP %H\D]ラW (ùLWLP YH $UDüWラUPD +DVWDQHVL 1|URORML .OLQLùL 2 $QNDUD (ùLWLP YH $UDüWラUPD +DVWDQHVL 1|URORML .OLQLùL g]HW )DKU KDVWDOラùラ ED]DO JDQJOLRQODU VHUHEHOODU GHQWDW QXNOHXV YH VHQWUXP VHPLRYDOHGH NDOVLILNDV\RQ J|UOPHVL LOH NDUDNWHUL]HGLU %D]DO JDQJOLRQODU HQ VラN WXWXODQ E|OJHGLU )DKU VHQGURPXQXQ DQRNVL UDG\DV\RQ VLVWHPLN KDVWDOラNODU WRNVLQOHU NDOVL\XP PHWDEROL]PD ER]XNOXNODUラ YH HQVHIDOLWOHU LOH EDùODQWラOラ ROGXùX WDQラPODQPラüWラU $\UラFD VHQGURPXQ DLOHVHO IRUPX ELOGLULOPLüWLU 6HQGURPXQ NOLQLN |]HOOLNOHUL GHùLüLN ROPDVラQD UDùPHQ LOHUOH\LFL PHQWDO KDVDU GL]DUWUL NRQYOVL\RQ SDUNLQVRQ EHQ]HUL NOLQLN WDEOR Q|URSVLNL\DWULN GDYUDQラü YH ]LKLQVHO LüOHY ER]XNOXNODUラ )DKU VHQGURPXQGD VラNOラNOD J|UOHQ NOLQLN EXOJXODUGラU %X \D]ラGD JHULOLP WLSL EDüDùUラVラ EXOXQDQ )DKU VHQGURPOX ELU NDGラQ ROJX\X VXQPD\ラ DPDoODGラN $QDKWDU .HOLPHOHU %DüDùUラVラ )DKU KDVWDOラùラ JHULOLP WLSL EDüDùUラVラ $EVWUDFW )DKUキV GLVHDVH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG ZLWK WKH SUHVHQFH RI FDOFLILFDWLRQV LQ EDVDO JDQOLRQV GHQWDWH QXFOHXV DQG FHQWUXP VHPLRYDOH 7KH EDVDO JDQJOLD DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ VLWH RI LQYROYHPHQW )DKUキV V\QGURPH LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK GLVRUGHU RI FDOFLXP PHWDEROLVP V\VWHPLF LOOQHVVHV WR[LQV HQFHSKDOLWLV UDGLDWLRQ DQG DQR[LD )DPLOLDO IRUP RI WKH V\QGURPH KDV EHHQ UHSRUWHG $OWKRXJK WKH FOLQLF SDWWHUQ RI WKH V\QGURPH LV YDULDEOH SURJUHVVLYH PHQWDO GHWHULRUDWLRQ G\VDUWKULD VHL]XUHV SDUNLQVRQLDQ IHDWXUHV DQG QHXUREHKDYLRUDO FRJQLWLYH GLVRUGHUV DUH FRPPRQ FOLQLFDO IHDWXUHV RI WKH )DKUキV V\QGURPH ,Q WKLV DUWLFOH ZH SUHVHQW D ZRPDQ ZLWK )DKUキV V\QGURPH ZLWK WHQVLRQ W\SH KHDGDFKH .H\ :RUGV +HDGDFKH )DKU GLVHDVH WHQVLRQ W\SH KHDGDFKH 2OJX  &DVH5HSRUW $QNDUD 0HG -    68