1 Novel Location Tracking Energy Efficient Model for Robust Routing over Wireless Sensor Networks Fatma Almajadub and Khaled Elleithy Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Bridgeport, CT-06604, USA falmajad@my.bridgeport.edu, elleithy@bridgeport.edu Abstract - Detecting the location of a mobile sensor node using signal strength has developed an area of dynamic research. The major issue in this situation curtails from the difficulty of how signals spread through space, particularly in the presence of hurdles such as people, walls and buildings. From another perspective, sensors are available with limited power capacity and energy resources. The signal strength guides the node to choose the right node for forwarding the data to the base station. In this paper, we propose a novel location tracking energy efficient (LTEE) model for wireless sensor networks. The presented model in this paper tracks the neighbor node based on the signal strength used for forwarding the data to the next-hop node. LTEE reduces energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime. The simulation results demonstrated that LTEE consumed 8% to 12.5% less power as compared to other protocols. Keywords: Location tracking energy efficient, Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs), Energy consumption, signal strength, network routing protocols. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprises small size sensor nodes that are dispersed in the area of interest for monitoring the events used for gathering the data. Meanwhile, WSNs face several challenges at all network stacks such as excess energy consumption, scalability, mobility, coverage and decrease of throughput due to latency [1, 2]. Several protocols have been introduced at each layer, but the network lifetime is of utmost importance. To enhance the efficiency and prolong the network lifetime of WSN, specifically, at the network layer, many routing protocols have been implemented. In addition, several studies were conducted for the optimization of routing protocols as well as the optimization of robust models in order to improve the performance of all WSNs. These optimizations included the attempts to find solutions for major problems such as maximizing the extracted data and prolonging the network lifetime as well as minimizing the consumed energy. [3] Although WSN network performs many tasks, the most important factor in optimizing the performance of WSN is the distance between the nodes. However, the distance values might be changed because the movement of node or be estimated by the algorithm using the signal strength indirectly. On the other hand, advances in WSNs have led to sensor nodes with low-cost as well as provided the capability of different sensing within modern technology, wireless communication, the physical environmental conditions and data processing. Thus the different sensing capabilities result in wastefulness of the application areas [4]. Although the sensor nodes of WSNs have limited ranges of data transmission, limited ways of data processing, limited storage capabilities and energy resources, we can say that the achieving the most advantages of WSNs need superior methods for supporting data transmission. Therefore, designing efficient routing protocols and robust transmission models are major issues of WSNs. Some studies as [5] improved WSNs performance by using various mobility models on multiple mobile sinks (MMS) routing technique which supports large wireless sensor networks. Generally, MMS routing technique uses sink mobility in random methods. However, the study of [5] showed the effect of various mobility models on the sink’s mobility. In addition, [5] determined that the wind mobility is a good choice for the optimization of WSNs because the wind mobility achieves more efficient energy and can be applied on more data with minimum time. Thus, this technique saves the energy of the whole WSN network, increases the lifetime of the network and allows more collection of data. However, the study of [5] did not use this technique for optimizing the distances based on mobility models. The study of [6] presented a survey of design challenges for routing protocols and a survey of various routing techniques such as hierarchical, flat and location of routing within various routing protocols depending on protocol operations such as multipath, negotiation, QoS, query and coherent. The study in [6] investigated the trade-off between energy consumption and the overhead savings of communication for each routing as well as determined the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and performance problems of each routing technique in the order to extend the lifetime of WSN network without compromising data delivery. Nevertheless, there are many problems which need further investigation with regards to optimization of WSNs. The authors in [7] proposed to use ECHERP protocol for energy conservation within balanced clustering by using the algorithm of the Gaussian elimination in order to minimize the whole network energy and prolong the network lifetime. Furthermore, this protocol adopted a multi-hop routing scheme for transferring data. Although [7] demonstrated by