International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-1, October 2019 5677 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: A3046109119/2019©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.A3046.109119 Abstract: The effect of different drying methods using spray dryer and rotary evaporator towards the physico-chemical properties and thermal stability of powdered tannin extractives from Rhizophora Mucronata bark was investigated. Prior to spray drying at 130°C and rotary evaporating at 80°C, tannin was extracted using water-based boiling extraction at temperature ranging from 80 to 90°C. Powdered tannin extractives obtained by spray dryer decomposed at higher temperature (at 270°C) than those using rotary evaporator (at 210°C). The powdered tannin extractives from spray dryer was higher in thermal stability due to the high crystallinity peak appeared from X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Condensed and hydrolysable tannins were also quantified using Reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) for both methods. Powdered tannins extractives using spray dryer contained 27.8% condensed tannins and 0.001% hydrolysable tannins, in which the condensed tannins are slightly higher in concentration than those formed using rotary evaporator which was 26.5%. The findings revealed that the used of spray dryer is more beneficial to obtain a stronger thermal stability and a higher concentration of powdered Rhizophora Mucronata bark tannins extractives. Keywords : Condensed tannin, Hydrolysable tannin, Rhizophora Mucronata, Rotary evaporator, Spray dryer. I. INTRODUCTION Tannin is derived from the French “tanin‟ and is used for a range of natural polyphenols because of its non-toxic, biodegradable and naturally existing [1], [2]. Tannin in vascular plants occurs as two types; condensed and hydrolysable tannins [3], [4]. Condensed tannin which is also known as proanthocyanidins are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ols units that are frequently linked either via C4-C6 or C4-C8 bonds [5], [6]. The most common condensed tannins are procyanidins comprising of catechin, epicatechin and/or their gallic acid esters, and prodelphinidins comprising of gallocatechin, epigallocatechin and/or their galloylated derivatives [7]. Revised Manuscript Received on October 30, 2019. Ahmad Hafizan Muhammad Muhayyidin, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: hafizan.muhayyidin@gmail.com Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar*, corresponding author, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: fitrah@uitm.edu.my. Nurul Aimi Ghazali, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: nurulaimi@uitm.edu.my Arina Sauki, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. arina_sauki@uitm.edu.my Wan Asma Ibrahim, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: asma@frim.gov.my Tannin is the main element in mangrove species, as high as 20% dry weight and the fourth most abundant compound in vascular plant tissue [8]. The commonly found mangrove species are Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora Mucronata [9], [10]. Tannin is frequently obtained or extracted from red mangle (Rhizophora Mangle); quebracho (Scinopsis Balansae); mimosa (Acacia Meamsii and Acacia Dealbata); valonea (Quercus Macrolepis); and chestnut (Castanea Dentata) [11], [12]. Rhizophora species in eastern and southeast Asia are known as therapeutic plants [13]. Useful tannic compounds are normally obtained in the gall, roots, barks or in the leaves of the mangrove species [14], [15]. According to Basak, et al. [16], tannin extracted from the leaves of mangroves has a significant range of extraction percentage values from 8.39 to 44.27%. Meanwhile, 54 to 80% of tannin extracted from the barks of mangroves which is higher compared to if extracted from the leaves [17], [18]. In this invent, tannin was extracted from the bark of Rhizophora Mucronata species of mangrove. This species is one of the major species in Malaysia that offered a great possibility as a source of tannin [19], [20], [21]. On the other hand, the bark is typically thrown away as a waste product because it disrupts the carbonization process due to its high moisture content [22]. Thus, the wasted bark can be used as a potential source of tannin, which can be retrieved by extraction process. Commonly, tannins extracted using conventional Soxhlet and its effectiveness mainly depends on the selectivity of the solvent such as water and organic solvents [19], [20], [21]. However, a past research shows that extraction by boiling at larger scale such as in food industry could be operated in order to obtain crude extractives [23]. After extraction, liquid extract or extractant that contains of high volume of water may degrade the bioactive compounds and lead to bacterial growth due to humidity, light, temperature and presence of oxygen [24]. Nevertheless, this can be avoided by evaporating the amount of solvent (water) using spray drying and rotary evaporating [25], [26], [27]. Drying process is used to ensure the products microbiological stability, reduce and avoid any chemical and biological degradation risks, lower the cost of storage and transportation, and lastly attain a product with specific characterization and properties [26]. Tannin was used as a deflocculant in drilling fluid to reduce the plastic viscosity and yield point value [28]. Characterization of Powdered Rhizophora Mucronata Bark Tannins Extractives using Different Drying Methods Ahmad Hafizan Muhammad Muhayyidin, Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar, Nurul Aimi Ghazali, Arina Sauki, Wan Asma Ibrahim