Vol 10, Issue 8, 2017 Online - 2455-3891 Print - 0974-2441 THE CURRENT SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN DIABETES MELLITUS HOLIFA SAHEERA ASMARA 1 , MAINUL HAQUE 2 * 1 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2 Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defense University of Malaysia), Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: runurono@gmail.com Received: 01 June 2017, Revised and Accepted: 12 June 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes is commonly observed as a complexity and alteration of metabolic pathways through the oxidative stress and inflammations. It is a chronic condition, which has shown adverse effects and damages mechanisms. A broad study involving latest technologies has been conducted to view the alteration of gene expressions to understand the underlying of diabetes complications, a high rank of mortal disease worldwide, which demands a high cost of treatments and medications. This technology has engaged with the method of gene expression detection, which is available in the laboratory settings, includes microarray system, real-time polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing. The output from gene expressions studies contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism, promising a better possible gene target therapy and preventions. Keywords: Gene expression, Microarray, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Next-generation sequencing, Diabetes. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a deleterious disease involves metabolism disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both [1-5]. Globally, at this time there are over 150-382 million diabetics exists, and it is expected that the number of diabetic patients will increase due to a sedentary lifestyle, consumption of energy rich diet and obesity [6-8]. Again, good portion of diabetic patients is not aware that they are diabetic and much more are prediabetic even in modern countries [9,10]. Nevertheless, it was often observed that the diabetic patients’ perceptions of about their health not related to the clinical consequences. Diabetic patient management needs alteration of lifestyles and behaviors to optimize the quality of life and well- being [11,12]. The capability of a person has been reduced by the DM to normalize the level of glucose in the blood that results in many impediments that can either be minor or major. In the majority of the cases, the DM can be categorized into two most important etiopathogenetic classes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a congenital condition in which the organ which releases the insulin is malfunctioned or damaged by default [13]. T1DM generally occurs in the people who are <35 years of age, mostly in youth and early middle age. It is basically an autoimmune disorder that occurs due to the damage of β-cells through stimulated CD4 + and CD8 + cells in the islets of the pancreas. This type of diabetes is called as neonatal diabetes that is diagnosable and can either be temporary or everlasting. While type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly characterized by insulin resistance (IR) [14]. T2DM is observed in obesity, high cholesterol diet and sedentary lifestyle [14]. The T2DM is diagnosable in almost the fourth decade of the age and most of the people around the world have T2DM, by giving 90% of the world population has this chronic T2DM. Chronic T2DM is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) [15] which is characterized by other criteria; hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity [15,16]. Clinically, diabetic patients normally are asymptomatic in an early stage, and then complications will arise subsequently [17]. A common complication of diabetes includes neuropathy, retinopathy, renal failure, and cardiovascular diseases [18], and diabetic encephalopathy [18]. It also includes neuropathy with high risk of foot ulcers. Chronic diabetes shows a high oxidative stress status and inflammation state [19]. Statistically, diabetes is among the major diseases reported worldwide and is considered as a burden to the health-care system due to its incurable disease where the patients are treated based on its symptoms and its complications [15,16]. Thus, the cost of treatments on complications of diabetes is increasing with the increased cases reported in the present. Wisely, if the disease could be treated or prevented in the early stage it may reduce the burden of health care department’s cost worldwide on the medications and treatments [20]. Recent technology of diseases detection is using mRNA expression screening, which has been widely used. The data interpretation shows the abnormal regulation of gene expression, which accurately explains the mechanism of pathogenesis of disease and the associated diseases. The abnormalities of gene expression could be corrected by reversing the pathways molecularly. mRNA EXPRESSION AND METABOLIC DISORDERS Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a sequence of nucleotides and template to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) involve in the genetic replication process. It is a family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that arranged into codons consisting of three base pairs each, which deliver the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome to design the amino acids sequence in proteins products of gene expression, specifically. This is how the genetic code is kept to ensure the information is identical to the parental chromosomes. Stability of mRNA in a different organism is distinct, compare to prokaryotes; mammalian cells have mRNA lifetime range from minutes to days, which they survive for seconds to hours. The mRNA action in metabolic disorders has been recognized [20] and has a significant impact in many studies scientifically. The screening of mRNA expression has been studied widely in metabolic disorders [21] in understanding the underlying mechanism. Metabolic disorders are often affected by alteration of gene expression [22] and metabolic pathways [23]. Various metabolic disorders have been recorded till present, major classification of metabolic disorders involves the alteration of metabolic pathways. Among the disorders, MS is frequently discussed recently [24] and © 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.20420 Review Article