Citation: Werema, C.W.; Laven, L.J.; Mueller, K.R.; Laven, R.A. Assessing Alternatives to Locomotion Scoring for Detecting Lameness in Dairy Cattle in Tanzania: Infrared Thermography. Animals 2023, 13, 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani13081372 Academic Editor: Raphaël Guatteo Received: 10 March 2023 Revised: 6 April 2023 Accepted: 7 April 2023 Published: 17 April 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). animals Article Assessing Alternatives to Locomotion Scoring for Detecting Lameness in Dairy Cattle in Tanzania: Infrared Thermography Chacha W. Werema 1,2, * , Linda J. Laven 1 , Kristina R. Mueller 1 and Richard A. Laven 1 1 School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; r.laven@massey.ac.nz (R.A.L.) 2 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67 115, Tanzania * Correspondence: c.werema@massey.ac.nz Simple Summary: Locomotion scoring requires skilled, trained observers to accurately detect lame- ness. Many studies have thus evaluated infrared thermography as an alternative lameness detection method as it does not require a skilled observer. However, there are few reports of the use of infrared thermography in cattle in tropical environments like Tanzania. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether using an infrared camera to measure the foot skin temperature of hind limbs could poten- tially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Three study farms were visited twice each during the afternoon milking on consecutive days. Locomotion scoring using a 4-point scale (0–3) was conducted on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked. On the following day, the hind limbs of the cows were thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a forward-looking infrared camera. Mean foot skin temperature increase was associated with an increase in locomotion score; for example, the mean temperature was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2. Therefore, the present study confirmed that measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera has the potential to be employed for detecting lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, improvements in accuracy and reductions in infrared camera costs are needed. Abstract: Lameness detection is a significant challenge. Locomotion scoring (LS), the most widely used system for detecting lameness, has several limitations, including its subjective nature and the existence of multiple systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the foot skin temperature (FST) of hind limbs, as measured using infrared thermography (IRT), could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Each of the three study farms were visited twice during the afternoon milking on consecutive days, with a total of 170 cows assessed. DairyNZ LS (4-point scale (0–3)) was undertaken on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked, while on the following day, the plantar aspect of the hind limbs of the cows was thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a handheld T650sc forward-looking infrared camera. Mean FST was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 1 than those with a score of 0; higher for cows with a locomotion score of 2 than those with a score of 1; and higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2, with each one-unit locomotion score increase being associated with a 0.57 ◦ C increase in mean temperature across all zones. The optimal cut-off point of 38.0 ◦ C for mean temperature across all zones was identified using a receiver operator characteristic curve. This cut-off point had a sensitivity of 73.2% and a specificity of 86.0% for distinguishing cows with a locomotion score ≥ 2 (clinical lameness). The prevalence of clinical lameness across all three farms was 33%, which meant that only 72% of cows with a mean FST across all zones ≥ 38.0 ◦ C had been identified as clinically lame using LS. This study confirmed that IRT has the potential to be used to detect lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, before it can be widely used, improve- ments in accuracy, especially specificity, are needed, as are reductions in equipment (IR camera) costs. Animals 2023, 13, 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081372 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals