CONSERVATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE RANGELANDS J.C.Z. Woinarski* and A. Fisher Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT, 0831 and Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre, Northern Territory University, Darwin, NT, 0909. *Corresponding author: email john.woinarski@nt.gov.au Abstract There has been substantial loss of biodiversity in the Australian rangelands, and evidence suggests that the attrition is continuing. We argue that rangeland users should be more aware of, and concerned about, this problem: that we are sullying an international asset; that we are undermining the basis of a major rangeland industry, tourism; that we are sabotaging the potential for the development of alternative rangeland uses (most notably sustainable use of native wildlife); that such losses provide evidence that we are poor managers; that such losses diminish our lives; that such losses indicate that at least some of our environments are operating at reduced functionality; and that such losses take away or reduce important and wide-ranging environmental services. This loss is due to a complex array of factors, each affecting different components of biodiversity in different ways. Our responses are generally poorly coordinated across rangeland jurisdictions, and there is uncertainty about responsibilities across different land tenures. Given the diffuse but pervasive nature of the problem and the generally poorly coordinated and non-strategic current response, we suggest that biodiversity conservation needs to be far more clearly and systematically operationalised, that a clear goal for biodiversity conservation in the rangelands (maintenance of viable populations of all native species of plants and animals at appropriate spatial and temporal scales) needs to be developed, and that, from this, the community needs to set explicit targets relating to this goal, at continental, jurisdiction, regional and property scales. While we recognise that our existing knowledge base is imperfect, such limitation should not delay the implementation of these steps. We consider that there is suffcient management expertise to realise a rangeland biodiversity goal. However, there are two more serious impediments in achieving the goal: current lack of resources and of societal agreement. Key words: biodiversity, conservation, extinction, rangelands, management, pastoralism. Introduction The rangelands are a critical reservoir for Australia’s biodiversity. They harbour much of Australia’s most distinctive biodiversity, including centres of endemism, refugia and “hotspots” (areas of unusually high species richness) for many plant and animal groups (e.g. Pianka 1969, Morton and James 1988, Abrahams et al. 1995, Ingwersen 1995, Morton et al. 1995a). They provide still the vast arena for the long-term retention of biodiversity and for the workings of ecological processes, now largely compromised in the cut-apart landscapes of the non-rangeland coastal fringe. In the rangelands, the pulse of the continent still beats, driving an ebb and fow of recruitment events, population expansion and contraction and, for some species, dispersal over a continental scale. But not all is well with rangeland biodiversity. Most Australians regard the rangelands as timeless, as wilderness little changed since European settlement and little affected by Aboriginal management before then. Sadly, this is a delusion. Superfcially, we see the structure intact - we Rangel. J. 25(2) 2003, 157-171 157