CHALLENGES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH VACCINE ANTIGENS PRODUCTION AGAINST HELICOBACTER PYLORI Review Article RAMBOD BARZIGAR 1 , NANJUNDAPPA HARAPRASAD 2 , BASARALU YADURAPPA SATHISH KUMAR 1,3* , MOHAMMAD JAVAD MEHRAN 1 1 JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Campus, Mysore 570006, 2 JSS Science and Technology University, SJCE, Technical Campus, Mysore 570006, 3 Received: 02 Apr 2020, Revised and Accepted: 08 Jun 2020 Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, JSS College, Ooty Road, Mysore 570025 Email: bysathish@gmail.com Around half of the world’s population faces Helicobactor pylori (H. pylori) infection. Enormous progress has been made to understand the bacterial pathogenesis process and pathogen interaction with eukaryotic cells but infectious diseases are still the cause of premature death of humans around the world. H. pylori is categorized under class I carcinogen by the WHO based on clinical study results. This review paper discusses various attempts made to establish an efficient vaccine to manage H. pylori infection. Some of the problems in developing an efficient vaccine against H. pylori are recurrent or persistent infection, insufficient knowledge about the action specifically in case of probiotics, development of antibiotic resistance, and cost of therapy are noted. This research may come up with transient Nicotiana benthamiana with suitable H. pylori genes expressed as antigenic proteins, which can be used for further studies to develop a vaccine for gastric ulcer/cancer and generate good scientific data that can be helpful for scientists and researchers in this field. ABSTRACT This review article for monitors’ current approaches monitoring H. pylori infection since 1998 to 2019 using world-wide recognized journals and books, questioning its efficacies and whether these strategies help eradicate or there is a need to focus on several diversions. We provide scientific recommendations in eliminating H. pylori Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, through vaccination along with addressing the preventive vaccine for this pathogen rather than using defeated treatments with plant-based nil side effects solution. The information relies on the available content in Google Scholar and PubMed using the keywords listed below. Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP), Cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cag © 2020 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( PAI), VacA, UreB, Tumoural necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020v12i4.37722. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijap INTRODUCTION Apathogenic bacterium, H. pylori is a microaerophilic, gram-negative microorganism, was discovered in 1982 by Marshall and Warren in 1984. H. pylorus has two original morphological shapes, bacillary and coccoidal. The virulent form being bacillary form, while the protective form is the coccoid form. The bacillary form projects many unipolar flagella. H. pylori A considerable amount of evidence suggests that bacterial genotype is an important factor determining the type of induced pathology. The nature and severity of a disease depends on both-host characteristics and environmental factors. Genetically modified Plant-based treatment is an interesting substitute to existing treatment methods, which could be target-specific as well as no or least side effects to humans against H. pylori. is persistent in an infected person’s stomach throughout a lifetime. It leads to chronic gastric inflammation that further causes diseases of the gastrointestinal tract like peptic ulcers, lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. To avoid these ailments, this bacterial infection has to be eradicated and resistance to most of antimicrobial treatment calls for a new research in pharmaceutical science [1]. Virulence Helicobacter produces virulence factors that lead to the development of disease symptoms. The most extensively studied factors are adhesins that control adhesion of bacteria to gastric mucosal cells, urease-which neutralizes stomach’s acidic environment, CagA responsible for influencing host cell signal transduction pathways, VacA, a vacuolating toxin that regulates immune cell activity and NapA a protein that activates neutrophil. Urease plays a role in gastric acid neutralization and metabolization of urea into ammonia and CO 2. Urease also exhibits strong immunogenic and chemotactic activity towards phagocytes, aids proinflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-6, (IL)-1β, IL-8, and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. In the stomach, approximately 20% population of the H. pylori CagA, being the most destructive virulence factor, shows its presence along cag Pathogenicity Island (cagPAI), is known as the first bacterial oncoprotein. Its interaction with human proteins causes many irreversible changes to host tissues such as exponential rise in cell size, elevating motility, humming bird phenotype phenomena. Along with these, CagA destroys apical junctions altering the normal epithelial morphology. At every tyrosine phosphorylation site, termed EPIYA motif, CagA links to the cytosolic proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent fashion. Also, binding of CagA with host proteins in a phosphorylation-independent method triggers to adenocarcinoma in host cells. attach themselves to epithelial cells and the remaining is present in the mucosal layer [2]. The H. pylori VacA shows significant factors promoting the virulence of the protein (HP-NAP) triggers neutrophil activation aids in the essential process of bacterial growth by helping it in capturing. HP-NAP is significant in pathogenesisas it induces mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocyte adhesion and chemotaxis [3]. NADPH oxidase enzyme activates reactive oxygen species production (ROS) in the presence of HP-NAP [4]. HP-NAP additionally triggers the release of cytokines IL-23 and IL-12 by neutrophils and monocytes that have inflammatory effects [5]. Properties of HP-NAP facilitate increased inflammation of gastric mucosa and ROS persistently harming gastric cells. H. pylori strains with pathogenic properties. It forms pores in host cell membranes, promoting chlorine, pyruvate, bicarbonate ions, and urea to exit, which helped in its characterization [6]. VacA is generally a water-soluble protein residing on membranes to initiate the formation of a hexameric anion-selective pore. Reports of interference with the of in vitro antigen presentation process [7], apoptosis induction in epithelial cells [8] and inhibiting the process of in vitro T and B cell International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ISSN- 0975-7058 Vol 12, Issue 4, 2020