This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 1 Virtual Bulk Current Injection: Modeling EUT for Several Setups and Quantification of CM-to-DM Conversion Hassan Cheaito, Student Member, IEEE, Mor-Sokhna Diop, Marwan Ali, Edith Clavel, Christian Vollaire, Member, IEEE, and L´ eonce Mutel Abstract—The use of a fixed forward power as obtained during the calibration phase in a bulk current injection test, without moni- toring the current, may cause damage on the equipment under test (EUT) with low impedances. In this paper, an accurate EUT model has been designed based on impedance investigation. This model can be used to predict the conducted susceptibility of a generic EUT. The model is first based on black-box approach; then, an interaction model is added to provide flexibility of several geomet- ric parameters, which can be changed from one setup to another. This methodology leads to the combined approach, which shows a satisfactory agreement between simulations and measurements. According to the developed equations, the impedance matrix of the described model can be readily switched to modal one. Afterward, asymmetric dummy EUTs were investigated and the analytical equations used to predict differential mode due to common-mode voltage injection were validated. Index Terms—Bulk current Injection (BCI), common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling. I. INTRODUCTION C URRENTLY, electromagnetic compatibility may reach 12% of the total costs of a product, accounting from the de- signing phase to the manufacture production [1]. Furthermore, to characterize the susceptibility of the system in a conducted compliance, the equipment under test (EUT) must be submitted to current or voltage injected either on power and communica- tion cables or directly on the metal housing of the device. One of the difficulties of these methods is related to the choice of the device used to couple the disturbance signal without changing the electrical behavior of EUT. Nonetheless, the bulk current Manuscript received July 18, 2016; revised October 17, 2016 and November 18, 2016; accepted November 21, 2016. Date of publication; date of current version. This work was supported by the “Fond Unique Interminist´ eriel” and local authorities (R´ egion Rh ˆ one-Alpes) on the “SIMUCEDO” project. H. Cheaito, M. Ali, and C. Vollaire are with the Ampere Laboratory, Uni- versit´ e de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5005, ´ Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, F- 69134, ´ Ecully Cedex, France (e-mail: cheaito.hasan@gmail.com; marwan.ali@ insa-lyon.fr; christian.vollaire@ec-lyon.fr). M.-S. Diop and E. Clavel are with G2ELab, Institut National Polytechnique, 38402 Grenoble, France (e-mail: mor-sokhna.diop@g2elab.grenoble-inp. fr; edith.clavel@g2elab.grenoble-inp.fr). L. Mutel is with AVNIR Engineering, 26902 Valence, France (e-mail: m.leonce@avnir.fr). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2016.2631721 Fig. 1. Sketch of the BCI test. injection (BCI) qualification test has a main advantage, which is the insertion of the disturbance source (through a probe) without influencing the functional characteristics. The concept is to generate a conducted noise into interconnecting cables and/or individual power line meeting a standard current level (see Fig. 1). During this test, EUT satisfactorily is monitored [2]–[6]. However, a BCI qualification is both expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, with virtual prototyping, simu- lation of BCI helps to reduce the qualification iteration cycles. The simulation allows systems to be analyzed and optimized in their environment from the earliest stage of the development. In the case of the equipment being marketed, i.e., existing ones that have been qualified, it is sometimes possible to use them in another context (e.g., different airplane). In this new environ- ment, if the same conditions of implementation are reproduced, there would be nothing particular to make. In case the parame- ters do not correspond anymore to the same conditions (cables, loads, connection with ground, etc.), BCI must be redone to re- qualify the EUT. From here, it is very interesting to understand the influence of each parameter on the qualification process. During the BCI test, a probe covers the cable bundle to in- ject RF current while measuring both the forward power fed and the resultant induced current. This setup forces pure com- mon mode (CM) disturbances to be generated. CM filters are inserted to protect EUT in such a case [7]. These CM filters may be no longer sufficient (depending on filter dimension and 0018-9375 © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.