International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 8(1), 17-31, January-March 2013 17
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ABSTRACT
The history of education in many developing nations is a template of ineffectual and expensive instruction.
Despite nearly half a century of higher education in the Pacifc, up to 50% of the teachers in many countries
such as the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands still have no more than a
high school education. Similar trends are found in Asia and Africa. Past experience in Oceania demonstrates
that face-to-face university training has been neither scalable nor sustainable. This paper compares two educa-
tional approaches—face-to-face and blended learning. The face-to-face, WorldTeach program in the Marshall
Islands employed foreign volunteer teachers living on site to give local teachers a year’s leave for additional
training. The blended chemistry course, which combined online and face-to-face learning, was delivered
simultaneously to teacher candidates in Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands. The blended course utilized
online instructors and tutors, and face-to-face tutors. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of
both case studies and recommends that nations consider blended learning as an approach to make education
more accessible and affordable, especially in emerging nations. As brick-and-mortar campuses and instruc-
tor travel become more expensive, blended learning becomes an increasingly attractive educational option.
Increasing Access to Effective
Education Across Oceania
Robert Hogan, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Natalie Nimmer, Pacifc Relevance Consulting, Kaneohe, HI, USA
Keywords: Access, Blended Learning, Chemistry, Culture, Developing Nations, Online Learning, Peace
Corps, Professional Development, Teacher Training
INTRODUCTION
The global economy requires workers with
improved work skills and college degrees.
Baumann and Blythe (2008) and Christensen,
Horn, Caldera, and Soares (2011) point out
that accessible, affordable, quality education
is not an option, but an essential ingredient
of national economic and social security. The
problem facing developed and emerging nations
is educational cost. Increasingly, skilled jobs
are unfilled due to a lack of university trained
skilled workers.
The Asian Development Bank (2009) pre-
dicts the need for higher education will double
over the next five years and triple in the coming
decade. At the heart of this change is a growing
need for multicultural, highly skilled workers
who can function successfully in the global
marketplace. Orleans (2010) urges informa-
tion and communication technology training
be integrated into the curricula of primary and
DOI: 10.4018/jwltt.2013010102