An end-use energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital R. Saidur a, b , M. Hasanuzzaman a, b, * , S. Yogeswaran a , H.A. Mohammed c , M.S. Hossain a, b a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Faculty of Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Level 4, Engineering Tower, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Km 7, Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43009 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia article info Article history: Received 11 February 2010 Received in revised form 20 August 2010 Accepted 9 September 2010 Keywords: Energy savings Public hospital Emission reduction abstract The commercial sector consumes 8e50% of the total energy consumption for a few selected countries around the world. An energy audit was conducted in a Malaysian public hospital to identify energy using equipment and their energy consumption breakdown. Different energy saving measures have been identified and applied for electrical motors used in this hospital. It was estimated that this hospital consumed about 19,311 MWh for the year 2008. It was also estimated that about 212 MW h, 250 MW h and 317 MW h of annual energy can be saved using energy-efficient motors at 50%, 75% and 100% loads, respectively. In addition, use of variable speed drives are expected to save 1735 MW h, 4048 MW h and 6361 MW h of annual energy consumption for 20%, 40% and 60% speed reductions, respectively. It was found that the payback period for using high efficiency motors at different loads is less than a year which is economically very viable. However, the use of variable speed drives was found to be economically viable for larger motors for higher speed reductions. The study also found that a sizeable amount of emissions can be reduced for the different energy savings measures applied for electrical motors. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Energy use in commercial and residential buildings has steadily increased by between 20% and 40% in developed countries for the last decade [1]. The building sub-sector consumed approximately 8e50% of total energy for few selected countries [2]. Bujak [3] reported that about 40% of total energy is consumed by residen- tial and public buildings in the EU (European Union). Yang et al. [4] reported that energy usage in office buildings is about 70e300 kWh/m 2 per annum, 10e20 times that of residential buildings. The commercial sector accounts for approximately 32% of total energy consumption in Malaysia as reported by Saidur [2]. Chirarattananon et al. [5] revised the requirements and procedures for energy conservation in offices, hotels, hospitals, department stores, schools, supermarkets, condominiums and other buildings in Thailand. The authors reported an average energy intensity of 148.8 kWh/m 2 for a hospital in Thailand. An efficient and effective heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system that consumes energy is required to maintain a proper indoor environment in a hospital’s operational and surgical theatres [6e8]. Efficient use of energy can be considered as one of the potential and cost-effective ways of solving global energy and environmental problems [9]. Energy efficiency should be considered as one of the most important policies and strategies in developed countries [10,11]. The intelligent planning of energy supply to different categories of buildings is an important aspect to conserve energy and protect the environment as the building sector consumes a major share of total energy use [12]. The majority of the equipment in a commercial building (i.e. a hospital, office, supermarket, etc) is operated by motors or a motor-driven system. In the literature, it was reported that approximately 31e 75% of total energy is consumed by electrical motors for a few selected countries around the world [13]. There- fore, electrical motors are targeted in this study to reduce their energy consumption along with emission reduction associated with energy savings. Future energy challenges, emissions from burning fossil fuels and global warming are demanding our focus on energy savings at various energy using sectors. An effective way to overcome these challenges is to improve the efficiency of energy using equipment [14]. Bizzarri and Morini [15] studied the new technologies (i.e. fuel cells, photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal systems) for an effective energy retrofit for hospitals in Italy. The authors reported that these retrofit policies could offer a significant greenhouse gas emission reduction. Bizzarri and Morini [16] studied greenhouse * Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Faculty of Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel.: þ603 79677611; fax: þ603 79675317. E-mail addresses: hasan.buet99@gmail.com, hasan@um.edu.my (M. Hasanuzzaman). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy 0360-5442/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.012 Energy 35 (2010) 4780e4785