Effects of Religious Versus Conventional Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy on Generosity in Major Depression and Chronic Medical
Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Michelle J. Pearce
University of Maryland and Duke University
Harold G. Koenig
Duke University and King Abdulaziz University
Clive J. Robins
Duke University
Noha Daher
Loma Linda University
Sally F. Shaw and Bruce Nelson
Glendale Adventist Medical Center, Glendale,
California
Lee S. Berk
Loma Linda University and Duke University
Denise Bellinger
Loma Linda University
Harvey Jay Cohen
Duke University
Michael B. King
University College London
Generosity can be an effective coping strategy for dealing with mental and physical
health problems. This study examined whether religiously-integrated cognitive behav-
ioral therapy (RCBT) was more effective than conventional CBT (CCBT) on increasing
generosity among religious persons with major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic
medical illness (CMI). Participants (N = 132) with MDD and CMI were randomized
to receive 10 sessions of RCBT or CCBT. Assessment measures administered at
baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks included the Interpersonal Generosity Scale, a
29-item scale for religious involvement, and depression diagnosis and severity. Effects
This article was published Online First August 10, 2015.
Michelle J. Pearce, School of Medicine, University of
Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci-
ences, Duke University Medical Center; and Center for
Spirituality, Theology, and Health, Duke University. Har-
old G. Koenig, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences and Department of Medicine, Duke University
Medical Center; Center for Spirituality, Theology, and
Health, Duke University; and Department of Medicine,
King Abdulaziz University. Clive J. Robins, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of
Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical
Center. Noha Daher, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Pop-
ulation Medicine, School of Public Health, and Allied
Health Studies, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma
Linda University. Sally F. Shaw and Bruce Nelson, De-
partment of Research, Glendale Adventist Medical Center,
Glendale, California; Lee S. Berk, Allied Health Studies,
School of Allied Health Professions, and Department of
Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine,
Loma Linda University; and Center for Spirituality, The-
ology, and Health, Duke University. Denise Bellinger,
Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of
Medicine, Loma Linda University. Harvey Jay Cohen,
Center for Spirituality, Theology, and Health, Duke Uni-
versity, and Department of Medicine, Duke University
Medical Center. Michael B. King, Division of Psychiatry,
Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London.
This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; unique iden-
tifier, NCT01208428. The full protocol can be accessed at
http://www.spiritualityandhealth.duke.edu/index.php/
religious-cbt-study/study-design. The study sponsor (John
Templeton Foundation) had no role in the study design,
collection or analysis of data, the interpretation of data, or
in the writing of this report.
Correspondence concerning this article should be ad-
dressed to Michelle J. Pearce, Department of Family and
Community Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 520 West
Lombard Street, East Hall, Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail:
mpearce@som.umaryland.edu
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Spirituality in Clinical Practice © 2015 American Psychological Association
2015, Vol. 2, No. 3, 202–215 2326-4500/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/scp0000076
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