Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2, 1999 19 The Exile in Philippine History* Zeus A. Salazar University of the Philippines Exile migration in Philippine history is examined in this article from earliest times to the present. The exile experience has assumed different forms, meanings and impact on individuals and the society left behind in different periods. Up until 1588, i.e., up until the end of the Manila ethnic state, exiles (who were either banished or were self-exiles) moved about in the familiar Indo-Malayan world, and thus, their exile did not necessarily uproot them from a familiar culture. Exile took on a different meaning with the arrival of colonial powers, particularly from 1872, when political exiles became numer- ous. The article reexamines the external exile of the ilustrados and propagandistas as well as the internal exile of those who were outside the colonial structure. The same analysis is applied to the different exiles during the American occupation, the Japanese occupation, and contemporary exiles. More than place, the author discusses separation and exile from the well-spring of kalinangang bayan (culture of the people) and Inang Bayan (Motherland). Although we seem to have no equivalent for the borrowed word “exile,” 1 the phenomenon which it refers to cannot be said to have begun only with the Spaniards’ usurpation from Raha Sulayman’s heirs of the kingdom of Manila after the defeat of the Tondo Conspiracy of 1588 (Salazar, 1997c: 128-129; Marcos, 1976:220). There have already been “exiles,” those who were ban- ished and those who voluntarily “exiled” themselves from the socio-political * Translated from Pilipino. 1. The Tagalog term “eksilo” is a Hispanized version which originates from “exile” in English. The Spanish equivalent for exile is “exilio,” which is synonymous with destierro (i.e., expulsion or being expelled from a particular land). In borrowing from the English language, the Tagalog equivalent is often formed by initially Hispanizing the term (e.g., “sabong deodorante,” deodorant soap, comes from the English word deodorant, and not from the Spanish term desodorante.) at UNIV OF AUCKLAND LIB on May 31, 2015 amj.sagepub.com Downloaded from