|| ISSN(online): 2589-8698 || ISSN(print): 2589-868X || International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies Available Online at www.ijmbs.info NLM (National Library of Medicine ID: 101738825) Index Copernicus Value 2019: 79.34 Original Research Article Volume 5, Issue 6; June: 2021; Page No. 48-52 48 | Page ANALYZING THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER, MALARIA AND THEIR COINFECTIONS IN FEBRILE SUBJECTS OF URBAN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Dr. Rajesh Kumar, 1 Dr. Alok Kumar, 2 Dr. Rashmi Tomar 3* 1 MD Assistant professor, Department of community Medicine Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 2 MBBS, Medical Officer, Blood Bank, Department Of Transfusion Medicine, ChandraLakshmi Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 3* MD Assistant professor, Department of microbiology, Shrimant Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia Medical College, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh Article Info: Received 27 March 2021; Accepted 03 June 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v5i6.1954 Corresponding author: Dr. Rashmi Tomar Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest. Abstract Background: Typhoid fever and malaria remain major public health threats in developing countries and tropical regions. In endemic regions, people are at a very high risk of developing both the disease at the same time with significant overlapping of associated symptoms and signs Aims: The present cross-sectional clinical trial was undertaken to assess the prevalence, typhoid fever, malaria, and their coinfections in urban Indian subjects with fever. Materials and Methods: In 180 subjects, demographic data and clinical features of all the study subjects were recorded. For assessing typhoid fever, a slide agglutination test was done using H (flagellar) and O (somatic) antigen kits for S.typhi. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation for results formulation. Results: Total positive malaria cases were 37.22% (n=67). Among 67 positive cases, 43.28% (n=29) were seen to have P.vivax, 40.29% (n=27) had P. Falciparum and mixed infection were seen in 16.41% (n=11) subjects. Typhoid and malaria coinfection was seen in 6.66% (n=12) of study subjects. On correlating typhoid fever, malaria, and coinfections with demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics in the study subjects, it was seen that the age groups of 2 years to 10 years were associated with malaria, and the association was statistically significant with p=0.03. Conclusion: Within its limitations, the present study concludes that the coinfections are common owing to the high prevalence and overlapping symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. Poor hand washing habits are associated with typhoid fever significantly. Keywords: Coinfections, Malaria, P. Falciparum, S. typhi, Typhoid fever Introduction: Malaria is a commonly encountered disease seen in subjects with fever globally. However, Malaria is more prevalent in developing countries like India, and is caused by single or more species of Plasmodium including Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. WHO (World Health Organization) suggests 300-500 million cases of malaria every year. Total Malaria burden is contributed by Southeast Asia with 2.5 million cases alone, where 76% of these cases are from India only. Approximately 50 percent of the World’s population is at risk of developing malaria. Malaria is also associated with significant morbidity with the largest death rate reported in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. As per the 2011 World malaria report, approximately 216 million malaria cases were reported globally in the year 2010 with nearly 655,000 deaths. 1 Concerning India, malaria epidemiology is complex owing to various ethnicities, geographical variations, and different species of transmitting vectors existing in India. A total of 9 species of Plasmodium are seen in different Indian tropical regions, were widely prevalent, principle vectors, and commonly seen Plasmodium species in urban India are P. malariae, P. falciparum, Anopheles culicifacies, and P. vivax, whereas in urban population, An. stephensi is primarily seen. Secondary vectors of malaria seen widely are An. Varuna and An. Annularis. Species found in malaria subjects of Andaman and Nicobar islands is An. sun-daicus, whereas An. Dirus, An. nivipes, An. Philippinensis, and An. minimus is commonly seen in northeast India. The vector associated with malaria in foothills and hills is An. Fluviatilis. 2 After independence in 1947, India reported 7.5 million malaria cases in 330 million subjects, whereas, in 1964, these cases dropped to 100,000 malaria cases, owing to successful eradication programs implemented. However, a marked increase was again reported in India where 6.4 million cases were reported in 1976 with the associated increase in P. falciparum species. P. Falciparum species is