Citation: Emodi, N.V.; Akuru, U.B.;
Dioha, M.O.; Adoba, P.; Kuhudzai,
R.J.; Bamisile, O. The Role of Internet
of Things on Electric Vehicle
Charging Infrastructure and
Consumer Experience. Energies 2023,
16, 4248. https://doi.org/10.3390/
en16104248
Academic Editors: Guillaume
Guérard, Marc Bui and Soufian
Ben Amor
Received: 15 March 2023
Revised: 6 May 2023
Accepted: 15 May 2023
Published: 22 May 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
energies
Review
The Role of Internet of Things on Electric Vehicle Charging
Infrastructure and Consumer Experience
Nnaemeka V. Emodi
1,
*, Udochukwu B. Akuru
2
, Michael O. Dioha
3
, Patrick Adoba
4
, Remeredzai J. Kuhudzai
5
and Olusola Bamisile
6
1
UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0183, South Africa;
akuruub@tut.ac.za
3
Just Transition Network, Jakarta 10110, Indonesia; michael@dioha.us
4
Institute for Decarbonization and Energy Advancement, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
patrickadobajunior@gmail.com
5
Department of Innovation, Electric Drive Africa, Kambanji, Glen Lorne, Harare 00263, Zimbabwe;
remi@electricdriveafrica.biz
6
College of Nuclear Science and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology,
Chengdu 610059, China; boomfem@hotmail.com
* Correspondence: nv.emodi@gmail.com or n.emodi@business.uq.edu.au
Abstract: The drive for net-zero emission and global decarbonization spurred the need for a world-
wide transition towards cleaner energy options. The fossil-fuel-dominated global transportation
system is a target for these initiatives, accounting for 37% of recent carbon emissions. This has acceler-
ated the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) into the global market to cut down carbon emissions and
improve efficiency in the transportation sector. In the face of this growth, limitations in EV charging
infrastructure still loom large amongst EV consumers. Resolving this bottleneck requires systematic
approaches to ensure seamless operation and integration into the existing transport systems. This
study examines the critical role of IoT in addressing the challenges of EV public charging through
reviewing the literature to understand the inter-relation and highlighting its attendant impact on
consumer experience. Findings show that while IoT serves as a strong tool to foster public interest
through favorable public policy, its novel and innovative nature faces developmental challenges
based on existing government policies that could hinder the interest of potential investors. Therefore,
governments should consider evaluating existing policies and practices to ascertain their suitability
for IoT adoption in EVs, ensuring that they do not constitute unintentional barriers.
Keywords: internet of things; electric vehicle; transportation; EV charging infrastructure; energy transition
1. Introduction
The current global transportation system is dominated by fossil fuels, which account
for roughly 37% of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions from end-use sectors [1]. Consequently,
there is now worldwide support for cleaner transportation options in a direct bid to
mitigate climate change. This shift has accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs)
into the global market with the promise of achieving low-carbon transportation, high
efficiency, and consequent flexibility in grid operation and integration. It is no surprise to
witness the recent year-on-year growth of EVs, which peaked at 6.6 million sales in 2021,
compared to 12,000 units in 2012, with approximately 10% of current global car sales being
electric vehicles. Following projections from the 2022 Global EV Outlook published by
the International Energy Agency (IEA), EVs are expected to account for more than 30% of
vehicle sales across all modes in 2030 (excluding two- and three-wheelers) [2]. While these
statistics, coupled with advantageous government incentives and financial subsidies, point
towards a bright future for EVs, there are attendant drawbacks, especially regarding the
charging experience of EV consumers.
Energies 2023, 16, 4248. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104248 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies