REVIEW PAPER Umbrella review of the evidence: what factors influence the caring relationship between a nurse and patient? Rick Wiechula, Tiffany Conroy, Alison L. Kitson, Rhianon J. Marshall, Nancy Whitaker & Philippa Rasmussen Accepted for publication 8 October 2015 Correspondence to A.L. Kitson: e-mail: alison.kitson@adelaide.edu.au Rick Wiechula BA DNurs RN Senior Lecturer and Post Graduate Coordinator School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Tiffany Conroy BN MNSc RN Program Coordinator and Lecturer School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Alison L. Kitson BSc DPhil RN Professor/Executive Director Nursing/ Associate Fellow School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Rhianon J. Marshall BPsych MPsych (Clin) Psychologist School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Nancy Whitaker BPsych MPsych (Clin) Clinical Titleholder School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Philippa Rasmussen BN MN PhD Program Co-ordinator School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia WIECHULA R., CONROY T., KITSON A.L., MARSHALL R.J., WHITAKER N. & RASMUSSEN P. (2016) Umbrella review of the evidence: what factors influence the caring relationship between a nurse and patient?. Journal of Advanced Nurs- ing 72(4), 723–734. doi: 10.1111/jan.12862 Abstract Aims. The aim of this study was to describe the nurse–patient relationships and to study how caring behaviours were described. The review question was: What factors influence the caring relationship between a nurse and patient? Background. There is a growing perception that nurses fail to provide compassionate and competent care. Policy documents prescribe compassion as an essential aspect of care; however, the evidence drawn on remains unclear and without clear applications to practice. Design. Umbrella review methodology, informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, was employed and adapted to enable the inclusion of systematic reviews that were of sufficient methodological quality. Data sources. An extensive PsychInfo, Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus, WoS and Embase search was conducted for literature published from January 2000 - March 2014. Key words included ‘nurse’, ‘patient’ and ‘relationship’ in combination with index terms to find literature published from 2000 onward. Review methods. Critical appraisal, data extraction and synthesis were carried out according to existing guidelines for undertaking umbrella reviews. Results. Twelve reviews (representing over 290 studies) were included following critical appraisal. Forty-seven findings were extracted, resulting in 14 categories and six synthesized findings; ‘Expectations of the relationships’ ‘Values’, ‘Knowledge and skills’, ‘Communication’, ‘Context and environment’ and ‘The impact of the relationship’. Conclusions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that both patients and nurses have expectations about the nature and importance of the caring relationship. Nurses should be mindful that their behaviours and attitudes need to align with what patients value about the relationship. Context shapes the relationship in positive and negative ways. Keywords: care, communication, nurse–patient interaction, nurse–patient rela- tionship, quality of care, systematic review and meta-analysis © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 723