Thermal component for an electrochemical lithium-Ion battery model: Impact and variation on the battery performance M.I. Ardani a,⇑ , M. Ab. Wahid a , M.H. Ab. Talib a , Z.H. Che Daud b , Z. Asus b , M.A. M. Ariff c a School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia b Automotive Development Centre (ADC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia c Faculty of Electrical and Electronic, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia article info Article history: Received 3 November 2019 Received in revised form 21 April 2020 Accepted 23 April 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Lithium-ion battery Thermal model Heat transfer Electrochemical model Temperature gradient abstract Different battery chemistry gives different characteristics; however, these differences are gauged by the battery temperature through the Arrhenius law. A battery model is essential to predict and acts as a tool for analyzing the performance of a battery in the design stage, particularly for a battery pack design. The complexity of the battery model merely lies on the electrochemical part in which all of the diffusion, elec- tron and charge transfer are modelled. On the other hand, the thermal component of the battery model is essential, allowing the temperature to have a direct impact on the battery performance. This paper com- pares and evaluates the impact of having different thermal component as a coupling to an electrochem- ical battery model. Concerning the electrochemical model, the thermal models are typically described based on the degree of its dimensionality. The highest degree of thermal model is a 3D-thermal model in which it maps the whole geometry of the battery. Nevertheless, we show that, having relatively higher degree of thermal model does not yield significant performance differences as compared to battery model that adopts a zero-dimensional thermal model. Adding a more complex thermal model only puts addi- tional computational effort which extends the duration of the calculation. This suggests that the key inte- gration of the thermal component to an electrochemical model is on the battery thermal-electrical interplay. The direction of the internal battery current during charge/discharge must be known or assumed before an appropriate thermal model is chosen. Increasing the dimensionality of the thermal model will be meaningless if the current density is not being feedback to the thermal model. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the SIE 2019: Sustainable & Integrated Engineering International Conference. 1. Introduction The physical phenomenon that occurs in a lithium-ion battery is remarkably complex. This involves multiphysics interaction which includes ion movement in the electrolyte and diffusion of lithium- ion within the active material [1,2] Nevertheless, due to the advancement of computational and numerical techniques, the degree of complexity of such model has been reduced while retain- ing the important parameter [3]. This type of battery model is essential particularly for full-electric fleet [16] The information given from the model could be used to estimate or track the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery pack. This is important for ensuring the battery pack to be at an optimum level, and it also could possibly enhance its lifetime. During charg- ing or discharging process, Lithium ions travel either to the nega- tive or from the positive electrode. The ions travel faster at elevated temperature, causing the electrochemical system to be less hindered by its lithiation limits. Therefore, there is a slight improvement in the battery performance due to the increase in chemical reaction rate [5]. During high-temperature operation, ionic conductivity and solid diffusion coefficient is increased, thereby reduced the battery polarization resistance [6]. Electrochemical parameters particularly exchange current den- sity, and solid phase diffusion coefficient are strongly coupled to the Arrhenius reaction rate. The reaction rate is a function of tem- perature; thus the kinetics of the electrochemistry has a direct relationship with temperature. The effects of those parameters towards battery performance were demonstrated comprehen- sively, particularly in terms of electrochemical performances https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.681 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the SIE 2019: Sustainable & Integrated Engineering International Conference. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: ibthisham@utm.my (M.I. Ardani). Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr Please cite this article as: M. I. Ardani, M. Ab. Wahid, M. H. Ab. Talib et al., Thermal component for an electrochemical lithium-Ion battery model: Impact and variation on the battery performance, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.681