z Catalysis
Tuning Acidity of Sulfonated Mesoporous Polymers
(MP À SO
3
H) for Efficient Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols
at Room Temperature
SathyapalR. Churipard,
[a,b]
KempannaS. Kanakikodi,
[a,b]
Nileena Jose,
[c]
and
SanjeevP. Maradur*
[a]
The sulfonated mesoporous polymers (MP À SO
3
H) with varying
acidityweresynthesizedbytemplatefreesolvothermalmethod
followed by sulfonation at different intervals of time. The
catalyticactivitiesweretestedforthetetrahydropyranylationof
alcohols. Among the synthesized materials, MP À SO
3
H-12 was
found to be efficient and demonstrated the highest yield of
pyranylated product which is superior in contrast to various
heterogeneous catalysts screened. Furthermore, the substrate
scope was extended to various primary, secondary, benzylic,
aromatic, substituted aromatic and bulkier alcohol substrates.
The catalyst retained its heterogeneity and there is no loss in
its activity beyond three catalytic runs. The results observed
herein are significant and comparable with the best reports
available in the open literature. These interesting findings
observed over MP À SO
3
H-12 make it a potential candidate for
the pyranylation of various alcohols under ambient reaction
conditions.
1. Introduction
The utilization of protecting groups is inevitable in synthetic
organic chemistry. The chemoselective transformation of a
target functional group in a multifunctional molecule is a
challenging task for an organic chemist but this predicament
can be turned away with the help of protecting groups.
[1,2]
Protectionofhydroxylgroupplaysavitalroleinthemulti-step
organic synthesis of complex molecules such as natural
products and biologically active compounds.
[3]
There are more
than 150 hydroxyl protecting groups reported to date, but
owing to its stability and chemical compatibility with various
reaction conditions, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP) is an attractive
protecting group for the protection of alcohols. DHP is cheap,
easy to synthesize and it can be easily deprotected after the
reaction.
[1,4]
THP ethers obtained by the tetrahydropyranylation
of alcohols with DHP are compatible with various reagents like
alkyllithiums, metal hydrides, catalytic hydrogenation, Grignard
reagents and so forth.
[2]
In addition, THP ethers can be
transformed into wide range of useful chemicals such as
halides,
[5]
esters,
[6]
sulfides, cyanides and carbonyl compounds.
These benign features of DHP and extensive applications of
end products obtained from the tetrahydropyranylation of
alcohols have created enormous research interest in synthetic
organic chemistry.
[7]
Most commonly, homogeneous catalysts
such as p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA),
[8]
ZrCl
4
,
[9]
pyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate (PPTS),
[10]
polyaniline salt,
[11]
NH
4
Cl,
[12]
etc are
employedforthetetrathydropyranylationofalcohols.However,
these catalytic approaches are associated with several draw-
backs such as elevated reaction temperatures, prolonged
reactiontimes,expensivereagentsandlackofreusability.
To avoid the intrinsic shortcomings of homogeneous
catalytic systems, heterogeneous catalysts are reported for the
tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols. Compared to homogenous
catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages
such as easy separation,
[13]
good recyclability and enhanced
product selectivity.
,[14,15,16]
Most widely used heterogeneous
catalysts include zeolites„
[17]
porous silicas
,[18,19,20,21]
and ion-
exchange resins.
[22]
Recently, metal oxides,
,[23,24,25,26]
MOFs
[27,8,29,30]
Ionic liquids
[31]
and porous polymers
,[32,33,34,35]
are also being
explored for catalytic applications. Heterogeneous catalysts
such as natural clays,
[36]
ion-exchange resins,
[22]
silica-based
sulfonic acid,
[37]
Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
@SO
3
H,
[4]
polyaniline sulfate,
[11]
car-
bon-based solid acid,
[38]
SiO
2
-p-TSA,
[39]
zeolites
[40]
etc have been
extensively investigated for tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols.
However, many of the catalysts show lower catalytic activity
except few catalysts which have shown exceptional catalytic
activities. Despite the higher activity, these catalysts require
severe reaction conditions or higher catalyst amount which
makes the overall process expensive. Therefore it is more
desirable to develop heterogeneous catalysts for the highly
efficient conversion of alcohols to tetrahydropyranyl ethers
undermilderreactionconditions.
In this context, mesoporous polymers are the potential
candidates to be used for tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols
[a] S. R. Churipard, K. S. Kanakikodi, Dr. S. P. Maradur
Materials Science Division, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific, Research
(PPISR), Bidalur Post, Devanahalli, Bangalore-562164, Karnataka State,
India
E-mail:sanjeevpm@poornaprajna.org
[b] S. R. Churipard, K. S. Kanakikodi
Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education University,
Manipal-576104,Karnataka,India
[c] N. Jose
St. Aloysius College, Light House Hill Road, Hampankatta, Mangaluru,
575003,Karnataka
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under
https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201903676
Full Papers DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903676
293 ChemistrySelect 2020, 5,293–299 ©2020Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim