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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2015.2496202, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
1
Abstract-- Smart Grids (SG) are essential for efficient
management and monitoring of electric power networks. One of
the most important tasks in SG focuses on fault detection and
automatic network reconfiguration. This process allows
minimizing power losses and load balancing in distribution
networks. In this paper an adaptation of the Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) routing protocol to accomplish the network
reconfiguration task, is proposed. The algorithm is intended to
run in secondary substation nodes over an agent-based
distributed architecture. The proposed algorithm has been tested
on IEEE 123 modified node test feeder and on an actual grid,
deployed by an electrical distribution company. Moreover, a
performance comparison with a typical centralized
reconfiguration algorithm is carried out.
Index Terms-- distributed approach, multiagent sytems,
network reconfiguration, OSPF, smart grids.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE SG represent the future solution for electricity
transmission and distribution networks [1]-[3] as they aim
to achieve the complete monitoring of the network, allowing a
better power balance between producers and consumers. SG
systems must be able to react quickly and predictably,
adapting to changing energy and supply demand, by
controlling energy consumption and energy storage devices.
The applications that manage the SG must rely on a secure
communications network, highly scalable and always
available. In addition, the communications infrastructure of
the SG must support a large amount of real time data in order
to react to changes of state, while providing Quality of Service
(QoS).
The distribution networks reconfiguration brings a chance
to the system to re-routing the power after a fault occurrence,
or to optimize some given criteria. The second case is
especially interesting in grids with distributed generation
resources, in which the reconfiguration can be implemented in
order to optimize reliability, power loss or other electrical
criteria.
Copyright © 2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.
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Francisco J. Rodríguez, Susel Fernández, Inés. Sanz,, Miguel. Moranchel
and Emilio J. Bueno are with the Group of Electronic Engineering Applied to
Renewable Energy Systems in Department of Electronics, University of
Alcalá, Spain (fjrs@depeca.uah.es; susel.fernandez@uah.es;
ines.sanz@depeca.uah.es; miguel.moranchel@depeca.uah.es;
emilio@depeca.uah.es).
Typically, most of reconfiguration algorithms work in a
centralized way and are executed in a SCADA or other
primary substation software. However, since the number of
secondary substation with monitoring equipment is growing,
according with the SG deployment, it is feasible to use
reconfiguration algorithms implemented and executed in a
distributed manner. So, in this work a reconfiguration method
is proposed, using a distributed approach, considering the
reliability and power losses as optimization criteria. The
proposal is to adapt a communication protocol (the OSPF
routing protocol) for use in reconfiguring distribution
networks.
The algorithm have been implemented using an embedded
multiagent system (MAS) deployed in secondary substations
and the results are compared with those of Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) algorithm which represents a centralized
approach running in a primary substation.
MAS are specially designed for networking, with a
horizontal and collaborative decision-making level. The use of
MAS applied to SG has been described in many publications
as [4]-[11].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
contains an overview of reconfiguration algorithms. In section
III the proposed multiagent architecture is presented. The
reconfiguration algorithm proposed is explained in section IV.
In section V the experimental setup and results can be found,
and finally the conclusions and future work are drawn in
section VI.
II. OVERVIEW OF RECONFIGURATION ALGORITHMS
Grid reconfiguration is ultimately a discrete non-linear
optimization problem. As it can be considered like an
optimization problem, there are some optimization algorithms
that can be used to solve the problem: the Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO), the PSO, the Evolutionary Algorithms,
the Genetic Algorithms, the Fuzzy Control, etc. In the
technical literature there are some examples of optimization
algorithms applied to the grid reconfiguration problem.
In [12] a hybrid evolutionary optimization algorithm based
on combining ACO and Simulated Annealing is proposed for
distribution feeder reconfiguration, considering distributed
generators. In [13] ACO algorithm is used for grid
reconfiguration according to the following criteria: reduction
of power loss, balancing loads, service restoration after a fault
and minimization of voltage deviation.
Distributed Approach for SmartGrids
Reconfiguration based on the OSPF routing
protocol
Francisco J. Rodriguez, Member IEEE, Susel Fernandez, Ines Sanz, Student Member IEEE , Miguel
Moranchel, Student Member IEEE and Emilio J. Bueno, Member IEEE
T