Review Macromolecular Materials and Engineering wileyonlinelibrary.com (1 of 13) 1600553 © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim DOI: 10.1002/mame.201600553 sheet lamination, and paste extrusion, among others. A recent study [5] showed that worldwide spending on 3D printers would continuously increase in the next two years (Figure 1A). Furthermore, an estimated annual compound growth rate of 27% is expected from the $11 billion AM industry in 2015, expanding it to $26.7 billion by 2019. [6] In contrast to traditional subtractive manufac- turing—the process of removing materials from a bulk monolith to form a part (e.g., through cutting, grinding, machining, etc.)—AM can create more complex geom- etries and multicompositions. This capability changed the way people conceptualized ideas, allowing com- panies to save resources and product development time. Prototyping can now be accomplished within a few hours or days—a drastic improvement for a pro- cess that normally takes months using traditional methods of manufacturing. Hence, the process came to be known as “rapid prototyping.” But the demand for actual parts is turning this proposition towards “rapid manufacturing.” Industries are now capable of creating functional parts for end-use applications such as GE Aviation’s 3D printed fuel nozzles [8] and Siemens AG’s Additive manufacturing (AM) is still underutilized as an industrial process, but is quickly gaining momentum with the development of innovative techniques and materials for various applications. In particular, stereolithography (SLA) is now shifting from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing, but is facing challenges in parts per- formance and printing speed, among others. This review dis- cusses the application of SLA for polymer nanocomposites fabrication to show the technology’s potential in increasing the applicability of current SLA-printed parts. Photopoly- merization chemistry, nanocomposite preparation, and appli- cations in various industries are also explained to provide a comprehensive picture of the current and future capabilities of the technique and materials involved. 3D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposites via Stereolithography Jill Z. Manapat, Qiyi Chen, Piaoran Ye, Rigoberto C. Advincula* Prof. J. Z. Manapat, Q. Chen, P. Ye, Prof. R. C. Advincula Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University OH 44106, USA E-mail: rca41@case.edu Prof. J. Z. Manapat Department of Mining Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman 1101, Philippines 1. Introduction Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing, is one of the most disruptive technologies of our time. AM involves “adding and joining” one layer of mate- rial on top of another to form a designed object or fabri- cated part. [1] AM using polymer materials (instead of ink) started in the 1980s with SLA, [2] fused deposition modeling (FDM), [3] and selective laser sintering [4] techniques. Since then, many variations in 3D printing technology have been developed such as binder jetting, digital light processing, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2017, DOI: 10.1002/mame.201600553