~ 129 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(2): 129-132 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2019; 7(2): 129-132 © 2019 JEZS Received: 03-01-2019 Accepted: 07-02-2019 Sudhanand Prasad Lal Assistant Professor, PG Department of Extension Education, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India Sujeet Kumar Jha Principal Scientist, Division of Dairy Extension, Indian Council of Agricultural Research– National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana, India Shrija Sinha Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Dairy Extension, Indian Council of Agricultural Research–National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana, India Correspondence Sudhanand Prasad Lal Assistant Professor, PG Department of Extension Education, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India Detrimental bio-invasion in the green revolution Belt of India: LSD multiple comparisons post hoc analysis Sudhanand Prasad Lal, Sujeet Kumar Jha and Shrija Sinha Abstract The present study was undertaken to understand the nitty-gritty of bio-invasion (wildlife, birds and stray cattle) in the green revolution states viz., Punjab and Haryana; as inter-district/zonal comparison has not been done so far. Primary data were collected during the agricultural year of 2016-2017 among 360 randomly selected respondents from 6 districts comprising all the 6 zones. The most affected district was Ropar followed by Rohtak, Rewari, Faridkot, Karnal and Patiala. The overall DB of green revolution belt was 1.975 (x̄ value), which connotes that on average green revolution belt respondents had faced the wrath of DI twice in the past 5 years. Post hoc analysis is done only if the F value of one-way ANOVA is significant. In this research both classical F and asymptotically F (Welch and Brown-Forsythe test) was significant at 1 percent level. LSD Multiple Comparisons Post hoc analysis revealed that Ropar had significant (P<0.01) distinction with all the randomly selected districts; while there was no statistically significant difference of Rewari with Rohtak and Faridkot. It can be concluded that if the invasion problem is resolved through fencing of agricultural land to prevent wild animals and stray cattle; discounted electronic bird repellent and community cattle-shed then the prospects of agriculture would further increase in the study locale. Keywords: Bio-invasion, birds, stray cattle, human–wildlife conflict, wildlife invasion, zoo-invasion 1. Introduction The terminology ‘bio-invasion’ is used to define a phenomenon where species establish and spread themselves well, in a different ecological zone away from their innate range. Bio- invasion incidences have frequently increased causing many harmful consequences to the society like damage to field crops and tamed livestock at farm, erosion and disruption of biodiversity, posing threat to human health in the invasion area [1] . Bio-invasion by some researchers is considered to have become one of the world’s most costly ecological glitches and this includes economic as well as environmental damages caused by alien plants, animals and microbes [2] . Bioinvasion occurs mainly because of three changes occurring around the invader’s area, they are migration change i.e. invasion caused because by human activity in invader’s native area; secondly, environmental change i.e. changes because of creation of environment similar to invader’s one; third is the evolutionary change which is caused as a result of genetic changes in the invader [1] . In the present paper bio-invasion in terms of wildlife, avian and the stray cattle and its subsequent impact on agriculture in India’s food producing zone is being discussed. Coming back to the study locale, crop raiding by wildlife, birds and stray cattle are frequent but undesirable phenomenon in green revolution belt. This led to crop loss, uncultivated piece of land and to the extent of farmers quitting agriculture. In Africa, conservationists have pointed out human–wildlife conflict as a significant threat to the success of conservation initiatives as well as economic threat to the rural African populations living beside wildlife [3] . Although, the quantum of losses to farmers is not uniform but it is more where the animals usually resides. So, the null hypothesis (Ho) for the present study states that the detrimental bio-invasions are the same across the 6 districts of Punjab and Haryana. In this backdrop, the present research was undertaken with the following two objectives: i) extent of damage caused to agricultural crops due to bio-invasion in green revolution districts of India ii) Inter- district/zonal comparison of bio-invasion.