Economic disparity and CO 2 emissions: The domestic energy sector in Greater Bangalore, India T.V. Ramachandra a,b,c,n,1,2 , Vishnu Bajpai a , Gouri Kulkarni a , Bharath H. Aithal a,e , Sun Sheng Han d a Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India b Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India c Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India d Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia e Ranbir and Chitra Gupta school of Infrastructure Design and Management (RCGSIDM), IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India article info Article history: Received 8 July 2015 Received in revised form 3 April 2016 Accepted 9 September 2016 Keywords: Electricity consumption Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Spatial patterns Socioeconomic Bangalore abstract Energy consumption constitutes one of the important sources of carbon dioxide emission which cause global warming. This paper analyses greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy consumption in the domestic sector considering household activities and socioeconomic parameters. A stratified random survey of 1967 households in Bangalore pertaining to the energy consumption reveals that annual per capita electricity consumption ranges from 9.64 to 2337 kW h/year with an average of 336 7267 kW h/ year. Emission from most of the wards (66 wards) is about 10–15 Gg/year, while wards in peri-urban areas emit less than 10 Gg/year. Extrapolation of these, show that total carbon dioxide from all wards of Greater Bangalore accounts to 3350 Gg/Year. The energy consumption analyses reveal a proportional increase in the per capita energy consumption with the family income suggesting that economic levels in respective wards is an important parameter in the domestic energy consumption and also GHG emis- sions. Suggested interventions through large scale penetration of renewable sources of energy and en- ergy conservation would help in reducing greenhouse gases and consequent warming of the Earth. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1331 1.1. Literature review ............................................................................................. 1333 2. Data and methods .................................................................................................. 1334 2.1. Study area .................................................................................................. 1334 2.2. Data collection ............................................................................................... 1335 2.3. Method of analysis ........................................................................................... 1335 3. Results and discussion............................................................................................... 1335 3.1. Spatial variations in household energy consumption ................................................................ 1338 3.2. Spatial pattern of domestic CO 2 emission in Bangalore............................................................... 1338 3.3. Role of socioeconomic factors in residential energy consumption and CO 2 emission ....................................... 1339 4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 1339 4.1. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 1342 Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... 1342 References ............................................................................................................ 1342 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.038 1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. n Correspondence to: Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES TE15, Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560019, India. E-mail addresses: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in (T.V. Ramachandra), bajpai@ces.iisc.ernet.in (V. Bajpai), gouri@ces.iisc.ernet.in (G. Kulkarni), bharath@ces.iisc.ernet.in (B.H. Aithal), sshan@unimelb.edu.au (S.S. Han). 1 http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy. 2 http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/foss. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 1331–1344