1 3 Extremophiles DOI 10.1007/s00792-017-0942-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Thermal adaptation strategies of the extremophile bacterium Thermus filiformis based on multi-omics analysis F. Mandelli 1,2 · M. B. Couger 3 · D. A. A. Paixão 1 · C. B. Machado 1 · C. M. Carnielli 4 · J. A. Aricetti 1 · I. Polikarpov 5 · R. Prade 3 · C. Caldana 1,6 · A. F. Paes Leme 4 · A. Z. Mercadante 2 · D. M. Riaño-Pachón 1,7 · Fabio Marcio Squina 8 Received: 10 February 2017 / Accepted: 29 April 2017 © Springer Japan 2017 and duplication of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, were also related to T. filiformis thermoadaptation. The heat-shock response influenced the carotenoid profile of T. filiformis, favoring the synthesis of thermozeaxanthins and ther- mobiszeaxanthins, which are related to membrane stabi- lization at high temperatures. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes correlated with free radical scavenging, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, and metab- olites, such as oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate, were accu- mulated at 77 °C. Keywords Transcriptomics · Proteomics · Metabolomics · Thermozeaxanthins · Peroxyl radical scavenging activity Introduction Extremophile microorganisms, such as acidophiles, alka- liphiles, barophiles, psychrophiles, and thermophiles, are well adapted to conditions that are otherwise unfavorable to human life. The macromolecules from extremophile Abstract Thermus filiformis is an aerobic thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring in New Zealand. The experimental study of the mechanisms of thermal adap- tation is important to unveil response strategies of the microorganism to stress. In this study, the main pathways involved on T. filiformis thermoadaptation, as well as, ther- mozymes with potential biotechnological applications were revealed based on omics approaches. The strategy adopted in this study disclosed that pathways related to the carbo- hydrate metabolism were affected in response to thermo- adaptation. High temperatures triggered oxidative stress, leading to repression of genes involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. During heat stress, the glucose metabolism occurred predominantly via the pentose phos- phate pathway instead of the glycolysis pathway. Other processes, such as protein degradation, stringent response, Communicated by A. Driessen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00792-017-0942-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fabio Marcio Squina fabio.squina@gmail.com 1 Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil 2 Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil 3 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA 4 Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil 5 Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil 6 Max Planck Partner Group at Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory/CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil 7 Present Address: Guest Researcher at Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas Regulatórios, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil 8 Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil