86 Reviews the African coast, regardless of its relationship with the slave trade, counted at least one health practitioner – African, European, or American – in charge of fghting disease. Te same applied to all vessels, independent of whether they were engaged in human trafc or in its repression’ (p. 24). Tese practitioners combatted fevers, dysentery, smallpox, and other afictions through similar means: sanitizing what they saw as unhealthy environments, regulating behaviour, instituting quarantines, and applying state-of-the-art medicines. Tese eforts, according to Barcia, contributed to an important change in the medical cultures of the Atlantic world, with new understandings of health and healing as well as new medical treatments. Such a larger context, however, is beyond the scope of this volume, which concen- trates on afictions and practitioners connected to the nineteenth-century Atlantic slave trade. Te wealth of information about the poor health and physical trauma of enslaved captives in the nineteenth century provides a stark reminder of the horrors of the Middle Passage, especially in the period after ofcial slave trade abolition. While we know that slave traders neglected and undermined the humanity of their enslaved prisoners, it is startling to read of antislavery activists also viewing them largely as unhealthy bodies and sources of proft. Tis focus on disease and its treatment contributes to historians’ sense of the complexities and contradictions of antislavery enforcement in this period. But despite such dehumanization, Africans on slave ships and in coastal trading stations evinced their own strategies to manage health and disease, which Europeans noted, debated, and at times emulated. Advances in tropical medicine in the nineteenth century, Barcia argues, were the result of this unequally shared intellectual milieu. Te evidence presented in this book about disease and its treatment in the nineteenth- century Atlantic slave trade raises a number of additional questions. How did health and healing in the slave trade in this period compare to the earlier era, before it was illegal? What particular medical issues aficted women, men, or children, and how did their management help to diferentiate groups of captives? What were some of the specifc ways that the medical discoveries from this time and context infuenced the feld of tropical medicine? By the end of the book, readers are told that medical practices from the frst half of the nineteenth century, elaborated through the illegal slave trade, enabled and encouraged Western imperialism in the decades to come. By detailing such practices with nuance and sophistication, this book whets the appetite for more. Lisa A. Lindsay University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Paul, Nilanjana. Bengal Muslims and Colonial Education, 1854–1947: A Study of Curriculum, Educational Institutions, and Communal Politics. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. pp. 116. $170. ISBN 9780367278281. Troughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Bengal epitomized the main sociopolitical issues entailed by British rule in India. As the capital city of the British Raj from 1773 up to 1912, Calcutta was also the cradle of colonial education. As early as the 1780s, this mission was associated with religious communities: the frst state-managed institution