Review rticle The Role of Diet in Influencing the Diversity of Gut Microbiome Related to Lupus Disease Activities: A Systematic Review Prisly Z. Putri , 1 Laniyati Hamijoyo , 2,3 and Edhyana Sahiratmadja 4 1 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia 2 Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia 3 Immunology Study Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Edhyana Sahiratmadja; e.sahiratmadja@unpad.ac.id Received 15 August 2022; Revised 26 November 2022; Accepted 10 December 2022; Published 31 December 2022 Academic Editor: Todd R. Callaway Copyright © 2022 Prisly Z. Putri et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Gut microbiome dysbiosis can afect the host immune system. Te balance and activity of the gut microbiome, which are infuenced by daily diet, might be associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Terefore, we conducted a systematic review based on the PRISMA guideline to explore the role and types of diet that afects the gut microbiome related to changes in SLE disease activity. All original and full•text English articles in the last ten years were included using predefned keywords according to PEO (population, exposure, and outcome) design in PubMed. Te study subjects were carefully analyzed, including lupus•susceptible mice and humans with SLE on various diets. Children and pregnant women populations were excluded. Of 134 studies found, only seven full•text articles had met the inclusion criteria of which only one study conducted in human. Tis human study showed that dietary polyphenol as dihydrochalcones and favanones afected the gut microbiome and ameliorated lupus disease activity. On the contrary, dietary favones increased Blautia (family: Lachnospiraceae), and that often found in active lupus diseases. Furthermore, six studies in lupus•prone mice models showed that resistant starch (RS), retinoic acid (RA) or all•trans retinoic acid (tRA), and acidic water (AW) had infuenced the gut microbiome, leading to an improved lupus development. Conversely, the 2018 commercial rodent diet, vitamin A•retinoic acid (VARA), neutral water (NW), and high tryptophan diet had impacted various microbiomes, resulting in increased lupus activity. Interestingly, several diets have the efect of either increasing or decreasing lupus disease activity depending on the microbiome they afect, such as AW associated with Turicibacter spp., which is frequently found in active lupus disease, and tRA in Bacteroidetes associated with renal pathology. To conclude, diet can infuence the gut microbiome, which is related to the disease activity process of SLE. 1.Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease resulting from a loss of immune tolerance. About 0.3 to 23.7 per 100,000 individuals globally have been diagnosed with SLE yearly. Te prevalence varies from 6.5 to 178.0 per 100,000 population, predominantly in productive•age women and more frequent in adults than children [1, 2]. SLE is a unique disease with various atypical manifes• tations, making it challenging to recognize, prevent, and treat [1, 3]. On the other hand, the pathogenesis of SLE is still unclear and multifactorial [4]. Te environmental triggers play an important role in SLE development in genetically susceptible individuals, including hormones (e.g., prolactin and estrogen), drugs (e.g., oral contraceptive and post• menopausal hormone therapy), UV light, infections (e.g., cytomegalovirus and Ebstein–Barr virus), toxins (e.g., silica dust), and cigarette smoking, as well as dietary factors and gut microbiota [5, 6]. In the last 20 years, many studies on a diet have been associated with SLE and ofer a promising alternative treatment as it has many advantages in improving the quality of life to the potential for prophylactic efects [7–10]. Nowadays, the microbiome is a hot topic in research as it infuences the Hindawi International Journal of Microbiology Volume 2022, Article ID 6908677, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6908677