curiously content-free, defined only by what it opposed, rather than as an ideology like Com- munism that could inspire a dizzying array of different policies and social visions. Vatican officials imagined one kind of anti-Communist Europe, as Giuliana Chamedes has shown in her excellent recent study; the planners of Nazi Germany’ s crusade against the Asiatic- Judeo-Bolshevik enemy in the Soviet Union another kind; and the Tory backbenchers who supported Neville Chamberlain’ s policy of appeasement in 1938 still another. How their adherents found enough common ground to forge alliances with each other—and when and where this proved impossible despite a shared hatred of Communism—is a story that extends outside the corridors of the Foreign Ministries that are the stage for the action in this book and that includes actors other than the diplomats and politicians who are its protagonists. This criticism notwithstanding, The Spectre of War is a rich, sweeping, and wonderfully written reconsideration of interwar European diplomacy, each page filled with sharply drawn portraits of key actors and pointed assessments of their words and actions. Through- out Haslam shows how Communism and anticommunism, its ideological twin, were entan- gled and dialectically opposed. Each responded to the other, often through a dynamic of distorted perceptions and misread intentions. In this, Haslam suggests, the international pol- itics of the decades before World War II anticipated the Cold War that followed it. Paul Hanebrink Rutgers University–New Brunswick Jewish Internationalism and Human Rights after the Holocaust. By Nathan A. Kurz. Human Rights in History. Edited by Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann and Samuel Moyn. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xiv1298. $39.99 (cloth); $32.00 (Adobe eBook Reader). Although Nathan Kurz presumably submitted his book manuscript before Eric Weitz’ s A World Divided was published, the two books are nonetheless in significant conversa- tion as both investigate how the history of the nation-state, in Kurz’ s case the state of Israel, connects to the history of human rights. 1 Like Weitz, Kurz raises serious ques- tions about the role nation-states play in defending human rights, writing, “The state was both the chief violator of human rights and its intrinsic protector” (14). With Jewish Internationalism and Human Rights after the Holocaust, Kurz brings a critical approach to existing narratives of Jewish internationalism, arguing that the break between Jewish rights actors and the broader human rights movements was seeded in the founding of Israel and that harmony between these two groups was “impossible” (4). Key to Kurz’ s interpretation is the shift in Jewish internationalism to the Zionist project. Kurz asserts that the disillusionment for some Jews with human rights was “all but inevitable” after Israel’ s establishment as “Israel was a much stronger guarantor of Jewish rights than international human rights law” (190). At the heart of these irreconcilable differences was the juxtaposition of the “right to leave,” avidly sought for Jews in the Soviet Union and North Africa and the “right of return” for Palestinians, vociferously resisted by Israeli policymakers. But more broadly, Jewish thinkers and activists had long been committed to a more communitarian ap- proach to rights protection than the individualist approach that developed with the advent 1 Eric Weitz, A World Divided: The Global Struggle for Human Rights in the Age of Nation States (Princeton, NJ, 2019). 440 Book Reviews