22 Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS) ISSN 2320-6691 (Online) Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(1A):22-33 ISSN 2347-954X (Print) ©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources) www.saspublisher.com Research Article Study on Prevalence and Management of Renal Stones among Omani in- Patients at Sohar Hospital Aaisha Obaid Zayid Al-Risi, Nida’a Mohammed Ali, Alka Ahuja* Department of Pharmacy, Oman Medical College, Muscat, Oman *Corresponding author Prof.( Dr.) Alka Ahuja Email: Abstract: Renal stone disease is a multi-factorial disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors. Keeping the history in various parts of the world in our mind, our research was aimed to study the prevalence of renal stones based on the patients’ socio-demographic factors such as sex, age, resident region etc. and to determine the risk factors of renal stones among Omani population in the North Batinah Governorate. Other objectives included study on management of renal stones at Sohar Hospital. All Omani in-patients who had renal stones and were admitted in the hospital from 1 st January, 2010 till 31 st May, 2012 were included in the study. The results showed that renal stones disease in Omani population was more common in the age group between 30 to39 years. It occurred in both men and women, but the risk was generally higher in men than in women. No association between the patients’ age, gender and their resident place was found in the studies conducted. There are many factors that decided the patient’ stay in the hospital such as hospital facilities, beds availability and the requirements of each patient condition.Sohar hospital was able to manage the disease and keep it under control. Around 75% of total patients left the hospital in stable condition. Keywords: Calculi, renal complications, Chi square tests, Risk factors INTRODUCTION Renal stone disease is a multi-factorial disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors. High dietary intake of animal protein, sodium, refined sugars, fructose, and high cola drinks may increase the risk for developing renal stones. Hereditary factors are also related to stone formation. People with certain medical conditions, such as gout, diabetes, hypertension and those who take certain medications or supplements are at risk for renal stones [1]. In addition to that, people may become more likely to have kidney stones if they had kidney infection or have had renal stones before (Melissa Conrad) [2].The renal stones (calculi) are hardened mineral deposits that form in the kidney. However, if the stones are large and block the normal urine flow, a prompt management maybe needed. Severe pain on one or both sides of the back, feel a frequent urge to urinate, or a burning sensation during urination, abnormal urine color, chills, fever, and nausea are the main symptoms complained by anyone having renal stones [3,4]. The most common types of renal stones include Calcium stones and are made of calcium compounds, especially calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and other minerals also may be present. Less than 1% of kidney stones are made of a chemical called cystine. Struvite stones mostly develop along with urinary infection, so they can also be called as infection stones. They occur more often in women. Sometimes the stones may progress silently, to what is known as staghorn calculus.Men are most likely to have Uric acid stones. About 5 to 10 out of 100 kidney stones are made of uric acid, a waste product normally passed out of the body in the urine. They mostly occur with gout [5]. Management of Renal stones Very high fluid intake (four quarts a day), limit the amount of protein and salt in the diet . The dosage of the alkalizing agent should be adjusted to maintain the urinary pH between 6.5 and 7.0 because of the potential deposition of calcium phosphate around the uric acid calculus. Sometimes d-penicillamine, tiopronin, or captoprils are also used. A painkiller and other medication can also be injected to treat the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Antibiotics may be used to eliminate any infection Four common procedures are commonly used if a kidney stone is too big to be passed naturally (6-7mm in diameter or larger). Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the most common, easiest and non-invasive procedure. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an alternative procedure of ESWLwhich involves using a thin telescopic instrument called a nephroscope. Ureteroscopy (Endoscopic treatment) is minimally