Examining the imparity of immigrant children enrolled in special education classes in Japan: Roots and recommendations Mark R. Freiermuth International Communication, Gunma Prefectural Women’s University, Sawa-gun, Gunma, Japan Angela Karsten Tsunoda Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan Diego Oliveira Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Erica Maria Muramoto Jobu University, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan Luzinete Nagatani Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan Yukiko Nakajima Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan Corresponding author: Mark R. Freiermuth, International Communication, Gunma Prefectural Women’s University, 1395-1 Kaminote, Sawa-gun, Gunma 370-1193, Japan. Email: mark-f@fic.gpwu.ac.jp; markgunma@yandex.com Article School Psychology International 2023, Vol. 44(4) 367–395 © The Author(s) 2022 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/01430343221135179 journals.sagepub.com/home/spi