Research Article Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia Gossa Alemu 1 and Rahmeto Abebe 2 1 Gorodola District Agricultural Office, Guji Zone, Harekello, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P. O. Box 05 Hawassa, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Rahmeto Abebe; rahmetoabe@gmail.com Received 12 April 2023; Revised 27 June 2023; Accepted 7 July 2023; Published 14 July 2023 Academic Editor: José F. Silveira Copyright © 2023 Gossa Alemu and Rahmeto Abebe. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease with adverse effects on camel health, production, and working efficiency. Despite this, camel trypanosomosis has received much less attention in Ethiopia compared with the disease in cattle and other animals. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis, identify the potential risk factors, and determine the importance of trypanosomosis in causing anemia in camels in the Gorodola and Liben districts in the Guji Zone of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. To this end, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 450 camels in heparinized capillary tubes and analyzed for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi using the buffy coat technique and Giemsa-stained thin smears. T. evansi infection was detected in 24 (5.3%) of the 450 camels examined. Out of the four variables analyzed in this study, two factors, such as body condition (BC) score and age, were found to be significantly (P <0:05) associated with trypanosomosis in camels. A higher prevalence of trypanosomosis was observed in camels in poor BC (13.22%) than in camels in good (4.62%) or moderate (1.01%) BC. Likewise, adult camels (8.09%) were infected more frequently than young camels (1.12%), whereas no trypanosomes were detected in camel calves under 2 years of age. No significant statistical difference was found between the two districts, and male and female camels (P >0:05). Statistically, the mean packed cell volume was significantly lower (P <0:05) in parasitemic camels (26:5% ±7) as compared with aparasitemic camels (33:9% ±9:1). In conclusion, the current study conducted during a dry season showed a moderate prevalence of trypanosomosis in camels. Further studies using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, such as miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique, serology, or molecular tests, are needed to establish a true epidemiological dataset on the prevalence and seasonality of the disease and its vectors in the study area to recommend viable control measures. 1. Introduction Camels are vital domestic animals best adapted to the harsh environment and varied nutritional conditions of arid and extremely arid areas of Asia and Africa, particularly in the arid lowlands of East African countries, such as Sudan [1], Ethiopia [2], Somalia [3], and Kenya [4]. In Ethiopia’s arid regions, camels perform various vital functions, including transporting items like grain, water, salt, and other goods, in addition to producing milk and meat for human con- sumption [5]. Due to the growth of desertification and range degrada- tion, camels are already replacing other livestock in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia’s Guji and Borena zones. Pasto- ralists are switching from cattle to camel and goats because they can thrive and produce under difficult environmental circumstances. Perhaps due to their capacity to thrive in harsh environments, camels were once thought to be resis- tant to many of the devastating diseases affecting other live- stock species [6]. However, they still suffer from numerous diseases, including trypanosomosis [7]. Camel trypanosomosis, commonly known as surra, is the most important and serious pathogenic disease mainly caused by Trypanosoma evansi, which has a wide range of distribu- tion in tropical and subtropical regions of the world [8–11]. T. evansi is transmitted mechanically by hematophagous flies Hindawi Journal of Parasitology Research Volume 2023, Article ID 8611281, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8611281